{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403687832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700748","title":"Modality Deep-learning Frameworks for Fake News Detection on Social Networks: A Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Modality Deep-learning Frameworks for Fake News Detection on Social Networks: A Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403687832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3700748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700748","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700748","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058406579","display_name":"Mohamed A. Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-6955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-6955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089600920","display_name":"Ahmad Almogren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad S Almogren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Computer Science, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-9709","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061632677","display_name":"Muhammad Al\u2010Qurishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7594-7325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096041","display_name":"Riyadh Elm University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rz3mr26","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096041"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Al-Qurishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, Elm Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Research Department, Elm Company, Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7594-7325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Elm Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, Elm Company, Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056876453","display_name":"Majed Alrubaian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-8341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majed Alrubaian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Information Systems, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-8341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems, King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences, Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058406579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99472178,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8675212860107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.726172149181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4771665632724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47313418984413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.45046916604042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43496400117874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.4284919202327728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.4130558371543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2772541046142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.19156888127326965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.1760895848274231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8675212860107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.726172149181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4771665632724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47313418984413147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45046916604042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43496400117874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.4284919202327728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.4130558371543884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2772541046142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.19156888127326965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.1760895848274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3700748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700748","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3700748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700748","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403687832.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":192,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133394232","https://openalex.org/W1481128830","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1538606284","https://openalex.org/W1541280084","https://openalex.org/W1602368597","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1916501714","https://openalex.org/W1967390364","https://openalex.org/W1974568172","https://openalex.org/W2015462142","https://openalex.org/W2048587526","https://openalex.org/W2051405935","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2163833659","https://openalex.org/W2168894761","https://openalex.org/W2183182206","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2255466643","https://openalex.org/W2295785353","https://openalex.org/W2337875011","https://openalex.org/W2410465342","https://openalex.org/W2574953090","https://openalex.org/W2582561810","https://openalex.org/W2592069066","https://openalex.org/W2593408211","https://openalex.org/W2610676001","https://openalex.org/W2611921107","https://openalex.org/W2737827343","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2749784378","https://openalex.org/W2754370068","https://openalex.org/W2754516069","https://openalex.org/W2758048150","https://openalex.org/W2773666902","https://openalex.org/W2789566302","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2798329932","https://openalex.org/W2810047920","https://openalex.org/W2886426412","https://openalex.org/W2890146511","https://openalex.org/W2892014396","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2900382136","https://openalex.org/W2903782735","https://openalex.org/W2921394995","https://openalex.org/W2925285378","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963608065","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W2964073383","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2967982882","https://openalex.org/W2973131549","https://openalex.org/W2977886427","https://openalex.org/W2986921917","https://openalex.org/W2995822546","https://openalex.org/W3003961771","https://openalex.org/W3007154278","https://openalex.org/W3011573535","https://openalex.org/W3014263747","https://openalex.org/W3016888066","https://openalex.org/W3017402509","https://openalex.org/W3022924198","https://openalex.org/W3031781733","https://openalex.org/W3032089915","https://openalex.org/W3033765882","https://openalex.org/W3037025384","https://openalex.org/W3041412367","https://openalex.org/W3047033363","https://openalex.org/W3049488969","https://openalex.org/W3082793654","https://openalex.org/W3088965320","https://openalex.org/W3089691460","https://openalex.org/W3090760060","https://openalex.org/W3093040304","https://openalex.org/W3094296680","https://openalex.org/W3094469192","https://openalex.org/W3098106685","https://openalex.org/W3098835531","https://openalex.org/W3102589552","https://openalex.org/W3103872969","https://openalex.org/W3103912187","https://openalex.org/W3106237638","https://openalex.org/W3108228772","https://openalex.org/W3110713756","https://openalex.org/W3110930594","https://openalex.org/W3115311952","https://openalex.org/W3125491592","https://openalex.org/W3135161617","https://openalex.org/W3138953784","https://openalex.org/W3146371923","https://openalex.org/W3148825389","https://openalex.org/W3153567752","https://openalex.org/W3156558703","https://openalex.org/W3156800454","https://openalex.org/W3157420646","https://openalex.org/W3157731560","https://openalex.org/W3164279875","https://openalex.org/W3164693331","https://openalex.org/W3164782458","https://openalex.org/W3172980997","https://openalex.org/W3174263838","https://openalex.org/W3176191710","https://openalex.org/W3176372653","https://openalex.org/W3176380723","https://openalex.org/W3184617674","https://openalex.org/W3189022317","https://openalex.org/W3196268181","https://openalex.org/W3199972443","https://openalex.org/W3200461431","https://openalex.org/W3206654930","https://openalex.org/W3210022786","https://openalex.org/W3210340181","https://openalex.org/W3213949150","https://openalex.org/W4200097352","https://openalex.org/W4200302203","https://openalex.org/W4205667491","https://openalex.org/W4212962367","https://openalex.org/W4226056795","https://openalex.org/W4238800755","https://openalex.org/W4242471336","https://openalex.org/W4242682989","https://openalex.org/W4245100404","https://openalex.org/W4252993860","https://openalex.org/W4280532493","https://openalex.org/W4280639973","https://openalex.org/W4282963607","https://openalex.org/W4285135601","https://openalex.org/W4287322452","https://openalex.org/W4288079542","https://openalex.org/W4288281505","https://openalex.org/W4289865908","https://openalex.org/W4290052435","https://openalex.org/W4292747996","https://openalex.org/W4292971585","https://openalex.org/W4293261843","https://openalex.org/W4293649366","https://openalex.org/W4297623738","https://openalex.org/W4298178213","https://openalex.org/W4299567010","https://openalex.org/W4300653851","https://openalex.org/W4300952844","https://openalex.org/W4301134298","https://openalex.org/W4301166652","https://openalex.org/W4304080907","https://openalex.org/W4308497888","https://openalex.org/W4308828216","https://openalex.org/W4308987120","https://openalex.org/W4312891395","https://openalex.org/W4324299222","https://openalex.org/W4327498760","https://openalex.org/W4360602683","https://openalex.org/W4366714472","https://openalex.org/W4377372342","https://openalex.org/W4379228874","https://openalex.org/W4380136538","https://openalex.org/W4386501849","https://openalex.org/W4386655647","https://openalex.org/W4386794817","https://openalex.org/W4386852102","https://openalex.org/W4386874846","https://openalex.org/W4387075795","https://openalex.org/W4387224341","https://openalex.org/W4387323401","https://openalex.org/W4388348903","https://openalex.org/W4388585881","https://openalex.org/W4388650587","https://openalex.org/W4391272008","https://openalex.org/W4392637187","https://openalex.org/W4394717795","https://openalex.org/W4401042906","https://openalex.org/W4401213616","https://openalex.org/W4402670135","https://openalex.org/W4404534210","https://openalex.org/W6628960004","https://openalex.org/W6684456340","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6750787382","https://openalex.org/W6763240421","https://openalex.org/W6778741587","https://openalex.org/W6792206879","https://openalex.org/W6842739514","https://openalex.org/W6850495340","https://openalex.org/W6856386090","https://openalex.org/W6856606916","https://openalex.org/W6856794988","https://openalex.org/W7038994942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2385859805","https://openalex.org/W2530972254","https://openalex.org/W2890339288","https://openalex.org/W2966672946","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W3137554057","https://openalex.org/W3205414356","https://openalex.org/W3015693164","https://openalex.org/W2942388309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fake":[0,29],"news":[1,30,69,84,189],"on":[2,109],"social":[3,71,88],"networks":[4],"is":[5,57],"a":[6,76,93,122],"challenging":[7],"problem":[8,186],"due":[9,44],"to":[10,45,58,66,118,134],"the":[11,21,37,110,119,135,146,156,178,185,192],"rapid":[12],"dissemination":[13],"and":[14,25,130,148,173,203],"volume":[15],"of":[16,23,39,54,80,102,112,121,137,142,150,158,180,187,194,200],"information,":[17],"as":[18,20,153,155],"well":[19,154],"ease":[22],"creating":[24],"sharing":[26],"content":[27],"anonymously.":[28],"stories":[31],"are":[32],"problematic":[33],"not":[34],"only":[35],"for":[36,99,125,169],"credibility":[38],"online":[40],"journalism,":[41],"but":[42],"also":[43],"their":[46],"detrimental":[47],"real-world":[48],"consequences.":[49],"The":[50,90,140],"primary":[51],"research":[52],"objective":[53],"this":[55,143,181],"study":[56,100,107],"identify":[59],"recent":[60],"state-of-the-art":[61],"deep":[62,81,103,113,170],"learning":[63,104,114,171],"methods":[64],"used":[65],"detect":[67],"fake":[68,83,188],"in":[70,87,191,198],"networks.":[72,89],"This":[73,106],"article":[74],"presents":[75],"systematic":[77],"literature":[78],"review":[79,144],"learning-based":[82],"detection":[85,190],"models":[86,132,172,197],"methodology":[91],"followed":[92],"rigorous":[94],"approach,":[95],"including":[96],"predefined":[97],"criteria":[98],"selection":[101],"modalities.":[105],"focuses":[108],"types":[111],"modalities:":[115],"unimodal":[116],"(refers":[117,133],"use":[120],"single":[123],"model":[124],"analysis":[126],"or":[127],"modeling":[128],"purposes)":[129],"multimodal":[131],"integration":[136],"multiple":[138],"models).":[139],"results":[141],"reveal":[145],"strengths":[147],"weaknesses":[149],"modalities":[151],"approaches,":[152],"limitations":[157],"low-resource":[159],"languages":[160],"datasets.":[161],"Furthermore,":[162],"it":[163],"provides":[164],"insights":[165],"into":[166],"future":[167],"directions":[168],"different":[174],"fact-checking":[175],"techniques.":[176],"At":[177],"end":[179],"study,":[182],"we":[183],"discuss":[184],"era":[193],"large":[195],"language":[196],"terms":[199],"advantages,":[201],"drawbacks,":[202],"challenges.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}