{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403333060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700148","title":"Blockchain Scalability with Proof of Descriptor","display_name":"Blockchain Scalability with Proof of Descriptor","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403333060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3700148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700148","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480","2769-6472"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700148","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003518930","display_name":"Zachary Painter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-8237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Painter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","University of Central Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-8237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021486106","display_name":"Christina Peterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Peterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","University of Central Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8070-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065345204","display_name":"Victor Cook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9852-2581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Cook","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","University of Central Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9852-2581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006132411","display_name":"Damian Dechev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-3403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian Dechev","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","University of Central Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-3403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Ovedio, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91824428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9581999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.853341281414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7282891869544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.544651210308075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5341274738311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14203360676765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.14162561297416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10132867097854614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.853341281414032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7282891869544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.544651210308075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5341274738311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14203360676765442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.14162561297416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10132867097854614}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3700148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700148","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480","2769-6472"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3700148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3700148","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3700148","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480","2769-6472"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403333060.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545155892","https://openalex.org/W2002727114","https://openalex.org/W2023304911","https://openalex.org/W2068157302","https://openalex.org/W2095825766","https://openalex.org/W2101939036","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2129458440","https://openalex.org/W2413028252","https://openalex.org/W2424082904","https://openalex.org/W2462574277","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2736174640","https://openalex.org/W2756149219","https://openalex.org/W2760605238","https://openalex.org/W2769656678","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2807844756","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2901341755","https://openalex.org/W2914554654","https://openalex.org/W2942313892","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2947972344","https://openalex.org/W2982604229","https://openalex.org/W3006291258","https://openalex.org/W3008344179","https://openalex.org/W3012241133","https://openalex.org/W3039746697","https://openalex.org/W4220853208","https://openalex.org/W4237896451","https://openalex.org/W4244583165","https://openalex.org/W4308391463","https://openalex.org/W6678832241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"networks":[1],"use":[2],"consensus":[3,41,81,112],"mechanisms":[4,22,42],"so":[5],"that":[6,172,199],"participants":[7],"can":[8],"exchange":[9],"transactions":[10,94,115,129],"without":[11],"the":[12,63,103,131,153,204,207,219],"need":[13],"to":[14,30,58,62,88,91,116,127,130,135,151,166,183,211],"rely":[15],"on":[16,102,137],"a":[17,32,55,60,79,96,124,143,162,184,212],"trusted":[18],"third":[19],"party.":[20],"Consensus":[21],"using":[23,95],"Proof":[24,45,83,109,156],"of":[25,46,84,107,110,155,157,206],"Work":[26],"burn":[27],"significant":[28],"energy":[29],"select":[31],"block":[33,61],"miner,":[34],"and":[35,70,189],"this":[36,75],"delay":[37],"limits":[38],"performance.":[39],"Other":[40],"such":[43],"as":[44,159,161,176,178],"Stake":[47],"or":[48],"Practical":[49],"Byzantine":[50],"Fault":[51],"Tolerance":[52],"still":[53],"designate":[54],"single":[56,125],"validator":[57],"append":[59,128],"chain,":[64],"preventing":[65],"blocks":[66],"from":[67],"being":[68],"built":[69],"published":[71],"in":[72,216],"parallel.":[73],"In":[74],"article,":[76],"we":[77],"introduce":[78],"new":[80],"mechanism,":[82],"Descriptor,":[85,158],"enabling":[86,133],"clients":[87,134],"work":[89],"together":[90],"publish":[92],"blockchain":[93,192],"descriptor":[97],"object":[98],"which":[99],"stores":[100],"information":[101],"cooperative":[104],"parallel":[105],"execution":[106],"transactions.":[108,139],"Descriptor":[111],"allows":[113],"commutative":[114],"be":[117],"mined":[118],"concurrently.":[119],"It":[120],"does":[121],"not":[122],"require":[123],"leader":[126],"ledger,":[132],"cooperate":[136],"publishing":[138],"We":[140,170],"also":[141],"propose":[142],"novel":[144],"graph-based":[145],"ledger":[146],"with":[147,181,203],"multiple":[148],"entry":[149],"points":[150],"facilitate":[152],"scalability":[154],"well":[160],"secure":[163,177],"hashing":[164],"scheme":[165],"resist":[167],"long-range":[168],"attacks.":[169],"demonstrate":[171],"our":[173,195,200],"approach":[174,201],"is":[175],"related":[179],"works":[180],"respect":[182],"malicious":[185],"leader,":[186],"51%":[187],"attack,":[188],"other":[190],"known":[191],"vulnerabilities.":[193],"Furthermore,":[194],"experimental":[196],"evaluation":[197],"shows":[198],"scales":[202],"size":[205],"network,":[208],"experiencing":[209],"up":[210],"4":[213],"\\(\\times\\)":[214],"improvement":[215],"throughput":[217],"over":[218],"fastest":[220],"sequential":[221],"blockchain,":[222],"Solana":[223],".":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T14:30:12.667765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}