{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404585418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3699739","title":"Facial Landmark Detection Based on High Precision Spatial Sampling via Millimeter-wave Radar","display_name":"Facial Landmark Detection Based on High Precision Spatial Sampling via Millimeter-wave Radar","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404585418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3699739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3699739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3699739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102998736","display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-5317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-5317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065806203","display_name":"Chuyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1479-9023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1479-9023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365442","display_name":"Lei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiancheng Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6584-4939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiancheng Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6584-4939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036573288","display_name":"Long Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-2900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5184-2900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020613012","display_name":"Jingyi Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5075-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5075-8512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043533769","display_name":"Sanglu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-4519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanglu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-4519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102998736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77316895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9550999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9065605401992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5942047834396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5456148386001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5426124334335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4744877815246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.4679117798805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4640096426010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4598871171474457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3313519358634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14551818370819092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9065605401992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5942047834396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5456148386001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5426124334335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4744877815246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4679117798805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4640096426010132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4598871171474457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3313519358634949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14551818370819092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3699739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3699739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5095103934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272216, 62372224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7313884281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20243040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G790864435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3303900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","funder_display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1977821862","https://openalex.org/W2005708641","https://openalex.org/W2016210396","https://openalex.org/W2083960888","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2129210471","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2163998463","https://openalex.org/W2506853137","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2769666294","https://openalex.org/W2770121394","https://openalex.org/W2798730128","https://openalex.org/W2963148250","https://openalex.org/W2963789946","https://openalex.org/W2975461012","https://openalex.org/W3009901566","https://openalex.org/W3034384783","https://openalex.org/W3034893101","https://openalex.org/W3115265657","https://openalex.org/W3153665222","https://openalex.org/W3169120473","https://openalex.org/W3176150142","https://openalex.org/W3186850935","https://openalex.org/W3198914896","https://openalex.org/W3199516229","https://openalex.org/W3202069916","https://openalex.org/W3210921161","https://openalex.org/W4200350537","https://openalex.org/W4200573953","https://openalex.org/W4205642952","https://openalex.org/W4214612132","https://openalex.org/W4221057698","https://openalex.org/W4236533540","https://openalex.org/W4283209386","https://openalex.org/W4284881846","https://openalex.org/W4306250185","https://openalex.org/W4361769930","https://openalex.org/W4380928920","https://openalex.org/W4385708165","https://openalex.org/W4386065626","https://openalex.org/W4386242195","https://openalex.org/W4387087042","https://openalex.org/W4387212504","https://openalex.org/W4396919803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2026924879","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W1968481813","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2369026988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0,18],"landmark":[1,54,147],"has":[2],"become":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,12,74,165,178],"the":[6,13,52,66,127,131,145,153,174],"most":[7],"widely-used":[8],"and":[9,40,70,99,101,130,169,176],"intuitive":[10],"feature":[11],"face.":[14],"Traditional":[15],"methods":[16],"for":[17,96,180],"Landmark":[19],"Detection":[20],"(FLD)":[21],"are":[22,28,78],"primarily":[23],"based":[24],"on":[25],"cameras,":[26],"which":[27],"limited":[29],"by":[30],"their":[31],"sensitivity":[32],"to":[33,37,50,80,108,125],"light":[34],"conditions,":[35],"inability":[36],"penetrate":[38],"obstructions,":[39],"potential":[41],"privacy":[42],"leaks.":[43],"In":[44,89],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"we":[47,77,91,103,119],"propose":[48,92],"mmFLD":[49,142,179],"estimate":[51,144],"facial":[53,111,116,146,167],"positions":[55,148],"using":[56],"millimeter-wave":[57],"(mmWave)":[58],"radar":[59],"with":[60,86,149,162],"mm-level":[61],"accuracy.":[62],"By":[63],"simultaneously":[64],"applying":[65],"range":[67],"estimation":[68,72],"capability":[69,73],"angle":[71],"mmWave":[75,136],"radar,":[76],"able":[79],"spatially":[81],"sample":[82],"face":[83,128],"reflection":[84],"signals":[85],"high":[87,150],"resolution.":[88],"particular,":[90],"a":[93],"velocity-based":[94],"method":[95],"head":[97],"detection":[98],"tracking,":[100],"then":[102],"build":[104],"two":[105],"generalized":[106],"models":[107],"extract":[109,126],"effective":[110],"motion":[112,132],"features":[113],"from":[114],"different":[115,166,181],"regions.":[117],"Moreover,":[118],"design":[120],"an":[121],"end-to-end":[122],"neural":[123],"network":[124],"structure":[129],"coherence":[133],"implicit":[134],"in":[135],"data.":[137],"Experiment":[138],"results":[139],"show":[140],"that":[141],"can":[143],"accuracy,":[151],"e.g.,":[152],"average":[154],"Mean":[155],"Absolute":[156],"Error":[157],"(MAE)":[158],"is":[159],"2.81":[160],"mm":[161],"eight":[163],"kinds":[164],"expressions,":[168],"extended":[170],"experiment":[171,182],"also":[172],"demonstrates":[173],"generalizability":[175],"robustness":[177],"conditions.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}