{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404385507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3698038.3698516","title":"CDN-Shifter: Leveraging Spatial Workload Shifting to Decarbonize Content Delivery Networks","display_name":"CDN-Shifter: Leveraging Spatial Workload Shifting to Decarbonize Content Delivery Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404385507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3698038.3698516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3698038.3698516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3698038.3698516","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3698038.3698516","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017231689","display_name":"Jorge Murillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0263-0121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Murillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090531845","display_name":"Walid A. Hanafy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5765-8194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid A. Hanafy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059310848","display_name":"David Irwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-4927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Irwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037538509","display_name":"Ramesh K. Sitaraman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Sitaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032939724","display_name":"Prashant Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5435-1901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashant Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017231689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5572,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95300011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"505","last_page":"521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6978460550308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-delivery","display_name":"Content delivery","score":0.6928161382675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6648304462432861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3434672951698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1482430100440979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6978460550308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986847828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269415","display_name":"Content delivery","level":2,"score":0.6928161382675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6648304462432861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3434672951698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1482430100440979}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3698038.3698516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3698038.3698516","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3698038.3698516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3698038.3698516","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976986662","https://openalex.org/W1977033871","https://openalex.org/W1999971903","https://openalex.org/W2114037820","https://openalex.org/W2116364029","https://openalex.org/W2130335803","https://openalex.org/W2140054687","https://openalex.org/W2157420954","https://openalex.org/W2166308364","https://openalex.org/W2168245849","https://openalex.org/W2768673452","https://openalex.org/W2790146195","https://openalex.org/W2794698721","https://openalex.org/W2951973576","https://openalex.org/W3043363230","https://openalex.org/W3124602151","https://openalex.org/W3172922368","https://openalex.org/W3209819948","https://openalex.org/W4229785982","https://openalex.org/W4283157527","https://openalex.org/W4318541641","https://openalex.org/W4321392480","https://openalex.org/W4382766241","https://openalex.org/W4393177837","https://openalex.org/W4394923323","https://openalex.org/W4395106470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Content":[0],"Delivery":[1],"Networks":[2],"(CDNs)":[3],"are":[4,52,77],"Internet-scale":[5],"systems":[6],"that":[7,206,234,255],"deliver":[8],"streaming":[9],"and":[10,50,85,102,125,148,169,191,194,221,227,253,266,271],"web":[11],"content":[12],"to":[13,67,79,119,218,243],"users":[14],"from":[15,181,187,198,260],"many":[16],"geographically":[17],"distributed":[18],"edge":[19],"data":[20,37,197],"centers.":[21],"Since":[22,93],"large":[23,43,55,189],"CDNs":[24],"can":[25,40,212,237],"comprise":[26],"hundreds":[27],"of":[28,30,35,45,57,104,128,135,146,159,177,250],"thousands":[29,34],"servers":[31],"deployed":[32],"in":[33,98,108,201,268],"global":[36],"centers,":[38],"they":[39],"consume":[41],"a":[42,116,129,155,188],"amount":[44],"energy":[46,126,195,263],"for":[47,54,72,90],"their":[48,75,105],"operations":[49],"thus":[51],"responsible":[53],"amounts":[56],"Green":[58],"House":[59],"Gas":[60],"(GHG)":[61],"emissions.":[62],"As":[63],"these":[64],"networks":[65],"scale":[66,145,158],"cope":[68],"with":[69],"increased":[70,178],"demand":[71],"bandwidth-intensive":[73],"content,":[74],"emissions":[76,124,215],"expected":[78],"rise":[80],"further,":[81],"making":[82],"sustainable":[83],"design":[84],"operation":[86],"an":[87],"important":[88],"goal":[89],"the":[91,99,122,143,174,208,224,248,269],"future.":[92],"different":[94,202],"geographic":[95],"regions":[96],"vary":[97],"carbon":[100,123,168,192,214,239,258],"intensity":[101,193],"cost":[103],"electricity":[106,170],"supply,":[107],"this":[109],"paper,":[110],"we":[111,204,232,246],"consider":[112],"spatial":[113,137,251],"shifting":[114,236,252],"as":[115],"key":[117],"technique":[118],"jointly":[120,166],"optimize":[121],"costs":[127,171],"CDN.":[130],"We":[131],"present":[132],"two":[133],"forms":[134],"shifting:":[136],"load":[138],"shifting,":[139,151],"which":[140,152],"operates":[141,153],"within":[142],"time":[144,157],"minutes,":[147],"VM":[149],"capacity":[150,235],"at":[154],"coarse":[156],"days":[160],"or":[161],"weeks.":[162],"The":[163],"proposed":[164],"techniques":[165],"reduce":[167,213],"while":[172],"considering":[173],"performance":[175],"impact":[176],"request":[179],"latency":[180,209],"such":[182],"optimizations.":[183],"Using":[184],"real-world":[185],"traces":[186],"CDN":[190],"prices":[196],"electric":[199],"grids":[200],"regions,":[203],"show":[205,233,254],"increasing":[207],"by":[210,216,241,264],"60ms":[211],"up":[217,242],"35.5%,":[219],"78.6%,":[220],"61.7%":[222],"across":[223],"US,":[225],"Europe,":[226,272],"worldwide,":[228],"respectively.":[229,273],"In":[230],"addition,":[231],"increase":[238],"savings":[240,259],"61.2%.":[244],"Finally,":[245],"analyze":[247],"benefits":[249],"it":[256],"increases":[257],"added":[261],"solar":[262],"68%":[265],"130%":[267],"US":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}