{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402920422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697840","title":"Efficient State Sharding in Blockchain via Density-based Graph Partitioning","display_name":"Efficient State Sharding in Blockchain via Density-based Graph Partitioning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402920422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3697840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033468639","display_name":"Bo Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0281-5970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0281-5970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100301901","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5911-4796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5911-4796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082695008","display_name":"T T Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingxuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0621-0699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91681719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8975611925125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7521119713783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5575566291809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5100627541542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.477110892534256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42268288135528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.36329543590545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22058174014091492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8975611925125122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7521119713783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5575566291809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5100627541542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.477110892534256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42268288135528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.36329543590545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22058174014091492}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3697840","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7044652103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ5043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W1888358353","https://openalex.org/W1964043357","https://openalex.org/W1971630691","https://openalex.org/W2070232376","https://openalex.org/W2113513143","https://openalex.org/W2118136127","https://openalex.org/W2119757574","https://openalex.org/W2147991930","https://openalex.org/W2291620117","https://openalex.org/W2398413754","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2789962766","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2811277026","https://openalex.org/W2885542306","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2963984461","https://openalex.org/W2964303100","https://openalex.org/W2973560878","https://openalex.org/W2979374757","https://openalex.org/W2982212956","https://openalex.org/W2982468232","https://openalex.org/W3035976252","https://openalex.org/W3039988939","https://openalex.org/W3046691040","https://openalex.org/W3047676083","https://openalex.org/W3048597376","https://openalex.org/W3093960777","https://openalex.org/W3120264963","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3154548150","https://openalex.org/W3168751805","https://openalex.org/W3170553340","https://openalex.org/W3174289473","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4226450756","https://openalex.org/W4235452547","https://openalex.org/W4283215940","https://openalex.org/W4287909982","https://openalex.org/W4312233252","https://openalex.org/W4312358656","https://openalex.org/W4313202117","https://openalex.org/W4367316308","https://openalex.org/W4381327380","https://openalex.org/W4385284269","https://openalex.org/W4391342444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W2799059781"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sharding":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,7,67,96,238],"promising":[3],"technique":[4],"for":[5,52,80],"increasing":[6],"blockchain":[8],"system\u2019s":[9],"throughput":[10],"by":[11,122,193,260],"enabling":[12],"parallel":[13],"transaction":[14,230],"processing.":[15],"The":[16,234],"main":[17],"challenge":[18],"of":[19,28,58,70,87,103,155,171,178,202,248,263],"state":[20,81,97,149],"sharding":[21,98,150],"lies":[22],"in":[23,33,220],"ensuring":[24],"the":[25,39,53,85,88,104,113,119,124,128,132,146,153,157,164,169,172,176,180,185,190,200,208,221,242,246,252,257],"atomicity":[26],"verification":[27],"cross-sharding":[29],"transactions,":[30,112,250],"which":[31],"results":[32,236],"double":[34],"communication":[35],"overhead":[36],"and":[37,55,213,245,251],"increases":[38],"transaction\u2019s":[40],"confirmation":[41],"time.":[42],"Previous":[43],"research":[44],"has":[45],"primarily":[46,75],"focused":[47],"on":[48,199],"developing":[49],"cross-shard":[50,71,111,249],"protocols":[51],"fast":[54],"reliable":[56],"validation":[57],"transactions":[59,72,139,219],"involving":[60],"multiple":[61],"shards.":[62],"These":[63],"studies":[64],"typically":[65],"generate":[66],"large":[68],"number":[69,247],"because":[73],"they":[74],"use":[76],"simple":[77],"address":[78],"mapping":[79],"sharding,":[82],"that":[83,188],"is,":[84],"prefix/suffix":[86],"account":[89],"address.":[90],"In":[91,107],"this":[92],"article,":[93],"we":[94,183],"propose":[95,184],"scheme":[99,114],"via":[100],"density-based":[101,148],"partitioning":[102],"account-transaction":[105],"graph.":[106],"order":[108,262],"to":[109,216],"reduce":[110,175,256],"groups":[115],"correlated":[116],"accounts":[117],"into":[118],"same":[120],"shard":[121,243],"generating":[123],"densest":[125,181],"subgraphs,":[126],"as":[127],"graph":[129,147],"density":[130,159,244],"describes":[131],"correlation":[133,240],"among":[134,142],"accounts,":[135],"i.e.,":[136],"how":[137],"often":[138],"have":[140],"occurred":[141],"accounts.":[143],"We":[144,167,205,224],"formulate":[145],"problem,":[151],"with":[152],"goal":[154],"maximizing":[156],"average":[158],"across":[160],"all":[161],"shards":[162],"under":[163],"workload":[165],"constraint.":[166],"prove":[168],"NP-completeness":[170],"problem.":[173],"To":[174],"complexity":[177],"finding":[179],"subgraph,":[182],"pruning-based":[186,253],"algorithm":[187,212,215,254],"reduces":[189],"search":[191],"space":[192],"pre-pruning":[194],"some":[195],"invalid":[196],"edges":[197],"based":[198],"concept":[201],"core":[203],"number.":[204],"also":[206],"extend":[207],"linear":[209],"deterministic":[210],"greedy":[211],"PageRank":[214],"handle":[217],"new":[218],"dynamic":[222],"scenario.":[223],"conduct":[225],"extensive":[226],"experiments":[227],"using":[228],"real":[229],"data":[231],"from":[232],"Ethereum.":[233],"experimental":[235],"demonstrate":[237],"strong":[239],"between":[241],"can":[255],"running":[258],"time":[259],"an":[261],"magnitude.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
