{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404172001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697467.3697595","title":"Overcoming Class Imbalance in Network Intrusion Detection: A Gaussian Mixture Model and ADASYN Augmented Deep Learning Framework","display_name":"Overcoming Class Imbalance in Network Intrusion Detection: A Gaussian Mixture Model and ADASYN Augmented Deep Learning Framework","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404172001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697467.3697595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3697467.3697595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697467.3697595","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 4th  International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115601970","display_name":"Xin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9232-5095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9232-5095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102891980","display_name":"Zhuoqi Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2618-7613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyuan Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2618-7613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dixin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0052-5416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dixin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0052-5416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008181744","display_name":"Nan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-1872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-1872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000015880","display_name":"Yuejin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-895X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-895X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Software Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84529735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"48","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7299988269805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.640243411064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5882914662361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5509938597679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5044111013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.4997429847717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4968121349811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.45717862248420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.404020756483078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7299988269805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.640243411064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5882914662361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5509938597679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5044111013412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.4997429847717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4968121349811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.45717862248420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.404020756483078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3697467.3697595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3697467.3697595","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 4th  International Conference on Internet of Things and Machine Learning","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908520504","https://openalex.org/W2925211503","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2963203015","https://openalex.org/W2965481252","https://openalex.org/W3010704846","https://openalex.org/W4296420817","https://openalex.org/W4323797442","https://openalex.org/W4385776184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W1975321310","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W1578916557","https://openalex.org/W1992295166","https://openalex.org/W1964286703","https://openalex.org/W2143508933","https://openalex.org/W2169866437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intrusion":[0],"detection":[1,197,210],"in":[2,17,57,66,224],"computer":[3],"networks,":[4],"as":[5,46,116],"a":[6,47,90,111],"critical":[7],"component":[8],"for":[9],"maintaining":[10],"network":[11,52,113],"security,":[12],"has":[13,44],"become":[14],"increasingly":[15],"essential":[16],"the":[18,21,27,34,68,83,135,145,152,157,167,175,178,183,193,203],"face":[19],"of":[20,37,159,177,199],"widespread":[22,35],"and":[23,40,129,142],"evolving":[24],"threats":[25],"within":[26,72],"complex":[28],"internet":[29],"environment.":[30],"In":[31],"recent":[32],"years,":[33],"application":[36],"machine":[38],"learning":[39,42,107],"deep":[41,106],"technologies":[43],"emerged":[45],"crucial":[48],"means":[49],"to":[50,138,155],"counteract":[51],"threats.":[53],"Despite":[54],"significant":[55,222],"advances":[56],"classification":[58],"accuracy":[59],"achieved":[60],"by":[61,109,166],"these":[62],"algorithms,":[63],"challenges":[64],"persist":[65],"addressing":[67],"minority":[69,163],"class":[70,169],"problem":[71],"imbalanced":[73],"datasets.":[74],"This":[75,212],"study":[76],"proposes":[77],"an":[78],"innovative":[79],"approach":[80],"that":[81],"combines":[82],"Adaptive":[84],"Synthetic":[85],"(ADASYN)":[86],"sampling":[87,96,150],"method":[88,97,154],"with":[89],"Gaussian":[91],"Mixture":[92],"Model":[93],"(GMM)":[94],"clustering-based":[95],"termed":[98],"AGM.":[99],"Building":[100],"upon":[101],"this,":[102],"we":[103,132,173],"enhance":[104],"traditional":[105],"models":[108],"adopting":[110],"comprehensive":[112],"architecture":[114],"known":[115],"C3BANet,":[117],"which":[118],"integrates":[119],"Convolutional":[120],"Neural":[121],"Network":[122],"(CNN),":[123],"Bidirectional":[124],"Long":[125],"Short-Term":[126],"Memory":[127],"(BiLSTM),":[128],"Channel-Attention":[130],"mechanisms.":[131],"meticulously":[133],"preprocess":[134],"UNSW-NB15":[136,184,204],"dataset":[137,146],"eliminate":[139],"noise,":[140],"inconsistencies,":[141],"incompleteness.":[143],"Subsequently,":[144],"undergoes":[147],"carefully":[148],"designed":[149],"using":[151],"AGM":[153,191],"address":[156],"issue":[158],"poor":[160],"performance":[161],"on":[162,182,202],"classes":[164],"caused":[165],"majority":[168],"prediction":[170],"bias.":[171],"Ultimately,":[172],"validate":[174],"effectiveness":[176],"enhanced":[179],"C3BANet":[180],"model":[181,194],"dataset.":[185],"Experimental":[186],"results":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"that,":[189],"after":[190],"sampling,":[192],"achieves":[195],"multiclass":[196],"rates":[198],"96.82%,":[200],"respectively,":[201],"dataset,":[205],"outperforming":[206],"current":[207],"mainstream":[208],"intrusion":[209],"algorithms.":[211],"research":[213],"not":[214],"only":[215],"introduces":[216],"methodological":[217],"innovations":[218],"but":[219],"also":[220],"exhibits":[221],"advantages":[223],"practical":[225],"applications.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
