{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413267893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696630.3728541","title":"Natural Language Outlines for Code: Literate Programming in the LLM Era","display_name":"Natural Language Outlines for Code: Literate Programming in the LLM Era","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413267893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696630.3728541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696630.3728541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696630.3728541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696630.3728541","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057834767","display_name":"Kensen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-7869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kensen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-7869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090799315","display_name":"Deniz Alt\u0131nb\u00fcken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4558-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Alt\u0131nb\u00fcken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4558-2847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101014215","display_name":"Saswat Anand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saswat Anand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4812-7199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050855162","display_name":"Mihai Christodorescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-8015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Christodorescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-8015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107264689","display_name":"Katja Gr\u00fcnwedel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katja Gr\u00fcnwedel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3745-8888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107264690","display_name":"Alexa Koenings","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexa Koenings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6834-0498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113384433","display_name":"S Sanyasi Naidu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Naidu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9741-0830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119327527","display_name":"Anurag Pathak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anurag Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7606-1656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107264691","display_name":"Marc Rasi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Rasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3929-8843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109782665","display_name":"Fredde Ribeiro","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredde Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1771-104X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107264685","display_name":"Brandon Ruffin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Ruffin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3885-3429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107264686","display_name":"Siddhant Sanyam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhant Sanyam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6784-4757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001603783","display_name":"Maxim Tabachnyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5710-2302"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Tabachnyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5710-2302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107264687","display_name":"Sara Toth","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Toth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6652-0867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114227362","display_name":"Roy Tu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Kirkland, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4761-6644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Kirkland, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070455637","display_name":"Tobias Welp","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Welp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6726-837X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078519761","display_name":"Pengcheng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-1032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-1032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119327526","display_name":"Manzil Zaheer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manzil Zaheer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2708-691X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101965118","display_name":"Satish Chandra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2546-9000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish Chandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Sunnyvale, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2546-9000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Sunnyvale, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028501178","display_name":"Charles Sutton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0041-3820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Sutton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0041-3820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":20,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057834767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.693,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97441773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"150","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13999","display_name":"Digital Rights Management and Security","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7241261601448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7022961974143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5259262323379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-programming","display_name":"Natural language programming","score":0.46131157875061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4602282643318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-generation-programming-language","display_name":"First-generation programming language","score":0.4202738106250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.295708566904068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.2531311810016632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.16688278317451477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7241261601448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7022961974143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5259262323379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67463725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081452","display_name":"Natural language programming","level":5,"score":0.46131157875061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4602282643318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C570499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289116","display_name":"First-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.4202738106250763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.295708566904068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.2531311810016632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.16688278317451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696630.3728541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696630.3728541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696630.3728541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696630.3728541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1875990341","https://openalex.org/W2006291142","https://openalex.org/W3024131638","https://openalex.org/W3034689979","https://openalex.org/W4214548153","https://openalex.org/W4242395378","https://openalex.org/W4372046852","https://openalex.org/W4386781823","https://openalex.org/W4390051886","https://openalex.org/W4396832563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010145286","https://openalex.org/W2133376498","https://openalex.org/W2912039166","https://openalex.org/W1999652909","https://openalex.org/W2068351696","https://openalex.org/W2067569787","https://openalex.org/W134217928","https://openalex.org/W190029447","https://openalex.org/W4383097882","https://openalex.org/W2962727507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,96,125],"propose":[1,127],"using":[2],"natural":[3],"language":[4],"outlines":[5,65,70,136,153],"as":[6],"a":[7,28,72,80],"novel":[8],"modality":[9],"and":[10,42,62,77,88,108,112,123,128,137,157],"interaction":[11],"surface":[12],"for":[13,27,101,134],"providing":[14],"AI":[15],"assistance":[16],"to":[17,141],"developers":[18,140],"throughout":[19],"the":[20,40,48,90,94],"software":[21],"development":[22],"process.":[23],"An":[24],"NL":[25,64,69,87,102,152],"outline":[26,143],"code":[29,41,76,85,111,115,118,121,155],"function":[30],"comprises":[31],"multiple":[32,130],"statements":[33],"written":[34],"in":[35,47,66],"concise":[36],"prose,":[37],"which":[38],"partition":[39],"summarize":[43],"its":[44],"main":[45],"ideas":[46],"style":[49],"of":[50,110],"literate":[51],"programming.":[52],"Crucially,":[53],"we":[54,146],"find":[55],"that":[56],"modern":[57],"LLMs":[58],"can":[59,82,105],"generate":[60],"accurate":[61],"high-quality":[63],"practice.":[67],"Moreover,":[68],"enable":[71],"bidirectional":[73],"sync":[74],"between":[75],"NL,":[78],"where":[79],"developer":[81],"change":[83],"either":[84],"or":[86],"have":[89],"LLM":[91,131],"automatically":[92],"update":[93],"other.":[95],"discuss":[97],"many":[98],"use":[99],"cases":[100],"outlines:":[103],"they":[104],"accelerate":[106],"understanding":[107],"navigation":[109],"diffs,":[113],"simplify":[114],"maintenance,":[116],"augment":[117],"search,":[119],"steer":[120],"generation,":[122],"more.":[124],"then":[126],"compare":[129],"prompting":[132],"techniques":[133],"generating":[135],"ask":[138],"professional":[139],"judge":[142],"quality.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"present":[147],"two":[148],"case":[149],"studies":[150],"applying":[151],"toward":[154],"review":[156],"malware":[158],"detection.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}