{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407863044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696443.3708948","title":"Code Generation for Cryptographic Kernels using Multi-word Modular Arithmetic on GPU","display_name":"Code Generation for Cryptographic Kernels using Multi-word Modular Arithmetic on GPU","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407863044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696443.3708948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696443.3708948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696443.3708948","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696443.3708948?download=true","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696443.3708948?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014565143","display_name":"Naifeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0190-4041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naifeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0190-4041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062806943","display_name":"Franz Franchetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-8973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Franchetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-8973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"476","last_page":"492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7957640886306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6700993180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6428755521774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-arithmetic","display_name":"Modular arithmetic","score":0.6027536988258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5848733186721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5599138140678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5370970964431763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.5343982577323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arbitrary-precision-arithmetic","display_name":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","score":0.42984724044799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2548239231109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1905243694782257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12250620126724243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7957640886306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6700993180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6428755521774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32049820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319400","display_name":"Modular arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.6027536988258362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5848733186721802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5599138140678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5370970964431763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.5343982577323914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527381","display_name":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","level":2,"score":0.42984724044799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2548239231109619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1905243694782257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12250620126724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696443.3708948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696443.3708948","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696443.3708948?download=true","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696443.3708948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696443.3708948","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696443.3708948?download=true","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1723483516","display_name":"Molecular and Biochemical Basis for Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios in Marine Autotrophs using Form IA RubisCO","funder_award_id":"0002460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1912064254","display_name":"Track 4:  Advanced CI Coordination Ecosystem: Monitoring and Measurement Services","funder_award_id":"2137603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2507572247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4010157413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4308666867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-FOA-0002460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4676224565","display_name":"ACO: An Open CI Ecosystem to Advance Scientific Discovery (OpenCI)","funder_award_id":"2138296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G509285653","display_name":"Track 3: COre National Ecosystem for CyberinfrasTructure (CONECT)","funder_award_id":"2138307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5464919783","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2137603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6664589177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8300691027","display_name":"Track 2: Customized Multi-tier Assistance, Training, and Computational Help (MATCH) for End User ACCESS to CI","funder_award_id":"2138286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8897435675","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2138296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","funder_display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337377","display_name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04nh1dc89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337506","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Computing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0012c7r22"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407863044.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407863044.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1975244381","https://openalex.org/W2049347491","https://openalex.org/W2134119384","https://openalex.org/W2149381887","https://openalex.org/W2165116928","https://openalex.org/W2467320551","https://openalex.org/W2508980885","https://openalex.org/W2519249189","https://openalex.org/W2626696598","https://openalex.org/W2844135832","https://openalex.org/W2898200251","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2997555836","https://openalex.org/W3000997230","https://openalex.org/W3015292646","https://openalex.org/W3021447659","https://openalex.org/W3042438505","https://openalex.org/W3095391614","https://openalex.org/W3108669911","https://openalex.org/W3109801878","https://openalex.org/W3121418772","https://openalex.org/W3141661905","https://openalex.org/W3158044478","https://openalex.org/W3159034445","https://openalex.org/W3165659700","https://openalex.org/W3182478132","https://openalex.org/W3185307588","https://openalex.org/W3205883294","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W4220836584","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4285789112","https://openalex.org/W4296831830","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4312296236","https://openalex.org/W4313855966","https://openalex.org/W4318541683","https://openalex.org/W4324290550","https://openalex.org/W4360831824","https://openalex.org/W4362714373","https://openalex.org/W4381894550","https://openalex.org/W4383899661","https://openalex.org/W4389159461","https://openalex.org/W4390097821","https://openalex.org/W4390188509","https://openalex.org/W4392251494","https://openalex.org/W4399417278","https://openalex.org/W6893226703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131286165","https://openalex.org/W2255754718","https://openalex.org/W1839485747","https://openalex.org/W4211076402","https://openalex.org/W2400405359","https://openalex.org/W2953102697","https://openalex.org/W4292473383","https://openalex.org/W2074843875","https://openalex.org/W2334917338","https://openalex.org/W2061436543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"homomorphic":[1],"encryption":[2,24],"(FHE)":[3],"and":[4,87,104,125],"zero-knowledge":[5],"proofs":[6],"(ZKPs)":[7],"are":[8],"emerging":[9],"as":[10],"solutions":[11],"for":[12,82],"data":[13,79],"security":[14],"in":[15],"distributed":[16],"environments.":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,105],"widespread":[20],"adoption":[21],"of":[22,49,78,123],"these":[23],"techniques":[25],"is":[26],"hindered":[27],"by":[28,93,121],"their":[29],"significant":[30],"computational":[31],"overhead,":[32],"primarily":[33],"resulting":[34],"from":[35],"core":[36],"cryptographic":[37,95],"operations":[38,62,103,116],"that":[39,72],"involve":[40],"large":[41,57],"integer":[42,59],"arithmetic.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"presents":[46],"a":[47,69],"formalization":[48],"multi-word":[50],"modular":[51],"arithmetic":[52,60],"(MoMA),":[53],"which":[54],"breaks":[55],"down":[56],"bit-width":[58],"into":[61],"on":[63,131],"machine":[64],"words.":[65],"We":[66,90],"further":[67],"develop":[68],"rewrite":[70],"system":[71],"implements":[73],"MoMA":[74,92],"through":[75],"recursive":[76],"rewriting":[77],"types,":[80],"designed":[81],"compatibility":[83],"with":[84],"compiler":[85],"infrastructures":[86],"code":[88],"generators.":[89],"evaluate":[91],"generating":[94],"kernels,":[96],"including":[97],"basic":[98],"linear":[99],"algebra":[100],"subprogram":[101],"(BLAS)":[102],"number":[106],"theoretic":[107],"transform":[108],"(NTT),":[109],"targeting":[110],"various":[111],"GPUs.":[112,133],"Our":[113],"MoMA-based":[114,126],"BLAS":[115],"outperform":[117],"state-of-the-art":[118],"multi-precision":[119],"libraries":[120],"orders":[122],"magnitude,":[124],"NTTs":[127],"achieve":[128],"near-ASIC":[129],"performance":[130],"commodity":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
