{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402640712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696430","title":"Leveraging Blockchain and Machine Learning to Promote Child Labor-Free Sustainable Development","display_name":"Leveraging Blockchain and Machine Learning to Promote Child Labor-Free Sustainable Development","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402640712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044530635","display_name":"Ahmad Musamih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Musamih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-2558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085623543","display_name":"Abduraouf Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abduraouf Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-5610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028133110","display_name":"Khaled Salah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Salah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-2558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071929595","display_name":"Raja Jayaraman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-2688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Jayaraman","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2749-2688","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026645719","display_name":"Mohammed Omar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8833-2947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Omar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8833-2947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044230953","display_name":"Ibrar Yaqoob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrar Yaqoob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-3429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7745615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8889758586883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development","display_name":"Sustainable development","score":0.486129492521286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2239026129245758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.16329380869865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.07102155685424805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8889758586883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.486129492521286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2239026129245758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.16329380869865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07102155685424805}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387283489","display_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies Research and Practice","issn_l":"2769-6480","issn":["2769-6480"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W645599348","https://openalex.org/W2754617078","https://openalex.org/W2777027507","https://openalex.org/W2802803153","https://openalex.org/W2892520153","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2913040484","https://openalex.org/W2948043589","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2990557629","https://openalex.org/W2997732218","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3016402324","https://openalex.org/W3032995192","https://openalex.org/W3034355206","https://openalex.org/W3043168668","https://openalex.org/W3084798277","https://openalex.org/W3100814217","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3119989546","https://openalex.org/W3162442290","https://openalex.org/W4200352819","https://openalex.org/W4229801112","https://openalex.org/W4242784680","https://openalex.org/W4304775244","https://openalex.org/W4310297013","https://openalex.org/W4312815172","https://openalex.org/W4366316561","https://openalex.org/W6845910056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Child":[0],"labor":[1,18,90,127],"has":[2],"been":[3],"on":[4,110,197],"the":[5,56,65,111,180,189],"rise":[6],"in":[7,39,45,73],"recent":[8],"years,":[9],"which":[10,21],"necessitates":[11],"improved":[12],"identification":[13],"and":[14,32,41,63,85,92,97,108,121,132,142,163,176,178,184],"reporting":[15,42],"mechanisms.":[16],"Current":[17],"management":[19],"systems,":[20],"are":[22],"often":[23],"manual":[24],"or":[25,47],"article-based,":[26],"lack":[27],"traceability,":[28],"audit,":[29],"privacy,":[30],"security,":[31,177],"trust":[33],"features.":[34],"This":[35],"leads":[36],"to":[37,87,138],"challenges":[38],"detecting":[40],"violations,":[43],"particularly":[44],"large":[46],"remote":[48],"areas.":[49],"The":[50,144],"persistence":[51],"of":[52,58,68,156,161,167,192],"this":[53,75],"issue":[54],"undermines":[55],"achievement":[57],"Sustainable":[59],"Development":[60],"Goals":[61],"(SDGs)":[62],"highlights":[64],"important":[66],"role":[67],"Corporate":[69],"Social":[70],"Responsibility":[71],"(CSR)":[72],"addressing":[74],"challenge.":[76],"Our":[77],"article":[78],"proposes":[79],"a":[80,125,158,164],"solution":[81,194],"combining":[82],"machine":[83],"learning":[84],"blockchain":[86],"automate":[88],"child":[89,126],"detection":[91,128],"ensure":[93],"traceable,":[94],"auditable,":[95],"private,":[96],"secure":[98],"reporting.":[99],"Utilizing":[100],"Decentralized":[101],"Proxy":[102],"Re-Encryption":[103],"(DPRE),":[104],"Zero-Knowledge":[105],"Proofs":[106],"(ZKPs),":[107],"oracles":[109],"Ethereum":[112],"blockchain,":[113],"with":[114],"decentralized":[115],"storage,":[116],"our":[117,193],"approach":[118],"maintains":[119],"privacy":[120],"transparency.":[122],"We":[123,187],"present":[124],"model":[129],"using":[130,149],"Mask2Former":[131],"ResNet-18":[133],"Convolutional":[134],"Neural":[135],"Network":[136],"(CNN)":[137],"achieve":[139],"high":[140],"accuracy":[141,154],"reliability.":[143],"model\u2019s":[145],"performance":[146],"is":[147],"evaluated":[148],"various":[150],"metrics,":[151],"achieving":[152],"an":[153],"rate":[155],"89.45%,":[157],"precision":[159],"score":[160,166],"0.906,":[162],"recall":[165],"0.9332.":[168],"Additionally,":[169],"we":[170],"assess":[171],"smart":[172],"contracts":[173],"for":[174],"cost-efficiency":[175],"discuss":[179],"solution\u2019s":[181],"generalizability,":[182],"challenges,":[183],"practical":[185],"implications.":[186],"make":[188],"source":[190],"code":[191],"publicly":[195],"available":[196],"GitHub.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}