{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402728136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696414","title":"Deep Learning Aided Intelligent Reflective Surfaces for 6G: A Survey","display_name":"Deep Learning Aided Intelligent Reflective Surfaces for 6G: A Survey","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402728136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037080121","display_name":"Muhammad Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-2058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021400118","display_name":"Sohail Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6422-5220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohail Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical\u00a0Engineering, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6422-5220","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical\u00a0Engineering, National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031027636","display_name":"Mian Ahmad Jan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-1328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mian Ahmad Jan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5298-1328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301418","display_name":"Houbing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houbing Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037080121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95909028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9563999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8676213026046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4564736485481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45587247610092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.38338786363601685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8676213026046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4564736485481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45587247610092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38338786363601685}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":129,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168311839","https://openalex.org/W2604174486","https://openalex.org/W2612074600","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2949670636","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2950680381","https://openalex.org/W2952736579","https://openalex.org/W2953984813","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2964288953","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971912794","https://openalex.org/W2981792785","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2999318310","https://openalex.org/W3000522337","https://openalex.org/W3000577820","https://openalex.org/W3001613668","https://openalex.org/W3001977108","https://openalex.org/W3004201425","https://openalex.org/W3004982808","https://openalex.org/W3005476696","https://openalex.org/W3006962285","https://openalex.org/W3008356568","https://openalex.org/W3012127008","https://openalex.org/W3012539654","https://openalex.org/W3013719647","https://openalex.org/W3015594231","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3021587675","https://openalex.org/W3022916026","https://openalex.org/W3025201079","https://openalex.org/W3027118737","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3034968889","https://openalex.org/W3035049807","https://openalex.org/W3035386068","https://openalex.org/W3038283497","https://openalex.org/W3038342299","https://openalex.org/W3038498700","https://openalex.org/W3038863601","https://openalex.org/W3039402952","https://openalex.org/W3039790476","https://openalex.org/W3040433108","https://openalex.org/W3042391361","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3045926576","https://openalex.org/W3080441795","https://openalex.org/W3080469715","https://openalex.org/W3081215475","https://openalex.org/W3081766336","https://openalex.org/W3088566444","https://openalex.org/W3089445936","https://openalex.org/W3090750681","https://openalex.org/W3094186382","https://openalex.org/W3094706131","https://openalex.org/W3095499523","https://openalex.org/W3096401097","https://openalex.org/W3099636798","https://openalex.org/W3099679786","https://openalex.org/W3100536113","https://openalex.org/W3103991536","https://openalex.org/W3104321500","https://openalex.org/W3118326706","https://openalex.org/W3124737311","https://openalex.org/W3129256633","https://openalex.org/W3131324807","https://openalex.org/W3132406383","https://openalex.org/W3134059753","https://openalex.org/W3138193098","https://openalex.org/W3145007954","https://openalex.org/W3151541370","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3162583458","https://openalex.org/W3164853202","https://openalex.org/W3166442783","https://openalex.org/W3168061659","https://openalex.org/W3178081691","https://openalex.org/W3178788868","https://openalex.org/W3179825402","https://openalex.org/W3185977075","https://openalex.org/W3188286850","https://openalex.org/W3189202224","https://openalex.org/W3194128891","https://openalex.org/W3194394973","https://openalex.org/W3197757179","https://openalex.org/W3211531747","https://openalex.org/W3217298619","https://openalex.org/W3217788440","https://openalex.org/W4206726078","https://openalex.org/W4210649002","https://openalex.org/W4210689353","https://openalex.org/W4210978902","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4221157816","https://openalex.org/W4225884793","https://openalex.org/W4226154943","https://openalex.org/W4226225813","https://openalex.org/W4280490829","https://openalex.org/W4280589373","https://openalex.org/W4284880835","https://openalex.org/W4285211764","https://openalex.org/W4285215846","https://openalex.org/W4285255610","https://openalex.org/W4286208747","https://openalex.org/W4290994020","https://openalex.org/W4291815113","https://openalex.org/W4294672378","https://openalex.org/W4322576434","https://openalex.org/W4362558948","https://openalex.org/W4379033752","https://openalex.org/W4379622915","https://openalex.org/W4386763990","https://openalex.org/W4387753684","https://openalex.org/W4387935022","https://openalex.org/W4389352558","https://openalex.org/W4390322962","https://openalex.org/W4390482015","https://openalex.org/W4390817037","https://openalex.org/W4390905642","https://openalex.org/W4390938826","https://openalex.org/W4391407035","https://openalex.org/W4392796579","https://openalex.org/W4396754423","https://openalex.org/W4397007153","https://openalex.org/W4398188213","https://openalex.org/W4399322697"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W4323565446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,114,128],"envisioned":[1],"sixth-generation":[2],"(6G)":[3],"networks":[4,57],"anticipate":[5],"robust":[6],"support":[7],"for":[8],"diverse":[9],"applications,":[10],"including":[11],"massive":[12],"machine-type":[13],"communications,":[14,17],"ultra-reliable":[15],"low-latency":[16],"and":[18,62,107,111,133,155,165,187],"enhanced":[19],"mobile":[20,159],"broadband.":[21],"Intelligent":[22],"Reflecting":[23],"surface":[24],"(IRS)":[25],"have":[26],"emerged":[27],"as":[28,144],"a":[29,88],"key":[30],"technology":[31],"capable":[32],"of":[33,55,65,91,124,190],"intelligently":[34],"reconfiguring":[35],"wireless":[36,67,82],"propagation":[37],"environments,":[38],"thereby":[39],"enhancing":[40],"overall":[41],"network":[42,150],"performance.":[43,84],"Traditional":[44],"optimization":[45],"techniques":[46,73],"face":[47],"limitations":[48],"in":[49,95,137],"meeting":[50],"the":[51,60,66,77,92,122,184],"stringent":[52],"performance":[53],"requirements":[54],"6G":[56],"due":[58],"to":[59,80],"intricate":[61],"dynamic":[63],"nature":[64],"environment.":[68],"Consequently,":[69],"deep":[70],"learning":[71],"(DL)":[72],"are":[74,177],"employed":[75],"within":[76,121],"IRS":[78,97],"framework":[79],"optimize":[81],"system":[83,112],"This":[85],"article":[86],"provides":[87],"comprehensive":[89],"survey":[90,129],"latest":[93],"research":[94,135],"DL-aided":[96,138],"models,":[98],"covering":[99],"optimal":[100],"beamforming,":[101],"resource":[102],"allocation":[103],"control,":[104],"channel":[105],"estimation":[106],"prediction,":[108],"signal":[109],"detection,":[110],"deployment.":[113],"focus":[115],"is":[116],"on":[117],"presenting":[118],"promising":[119],"solutions":[120],"constraints":[123],"different":[125],"hardware":[126],"configurations.":[127],"explores":[130],"challenges,":[131],"opportunities,":[132],"open":[134],"issues":[136,171],"IRS,":[139],"considering":[140],"emerging":[141],"technologies":[142,176],"such":[143],"digital":[145],"twins,":[146],"computer":[147],"vision,":[148],"blockchain,":[149],"function":[151],"virtualization,":[152],"integrated":[153],"sensing":[154],"communication,":[156],"software-defined":[157],"networking,":[158],"edge":[160],"computing,":[161],"unmanned":[162],"aerial":[163],"vehicles,":[164],"non-orthogonal":[166],"multiple":[167],"access.":[168],"Practical":[169],"design":[170],"associated":[172],"with":[173],"these":[174],"enabling":[175],"also":[178],"discussed,":[179],"providing":[180],"valuable":[181],"insights":[182],"into":[183],"current":[185],"state":[186],"future":[188],"directions":[189],"this":[191],"evolving":[192],"field.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-05-04T08:30:34.212998","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}