{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409657220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714783","title":"Navigating the Deployment Dilemma and Innovation Paradox: Open-Source versus Closed-source Models","display_name":"Navigating the Deployment Dilemma and Innovation Paradox: Open-Source versus Closed-source Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409657220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714783","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714783","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714783","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110522011","display_name":"Yanxuan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482657","display_name":"Shenzhen MSU-BIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q963474","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanxuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068512767","display_name":"Haihan Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6438-3790"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihan Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotion Intelligence and Pervasive Computing, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotion Intelligence and Pervasive Computing, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058976413","display_name":"Xitong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xitong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China and Guangdong Engineering Center for Social Computing and Mental Health, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China and Guangdong Engineering Center for Social Computing and Mental Health, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007941489","display_name":"Xiping Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4952-699X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482657","display_name":"Shenzhen MSU-BIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q963474","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiping Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotion Intelligence and Pervasive Computing, Shenzhen, China, and School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotion Intelligence and Pervasive Computing, Shenzhen, China, and School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110522011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4388482657"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11417343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1488","last_page":"1501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.8220487236976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.7566788196563721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7025559544563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.6252056956291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5823648571968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-model","display_name":"Source model","score":0.4405985474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.26103705167770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.20612207055091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.14421120285987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.13140586018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12532323598861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09139096736907959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.8220487236976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.7566788196563721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7025559544563293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.6252056956291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5823648571968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985998994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Source model","level":2,"score":0.4405985474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.26103705167770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.20612207055091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.14421120285987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.13140586018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12532323598861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09139096736907959}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714783","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714783","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714783","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714783","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714783","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409657220.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409657220.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107885560","https://openalex.org/W229623216","https://openalex.org/W1489144430","https://openalex.org/W1974760450","https://openalex.org/W1979563190","https://openalex.org/W1984988622","https://openalex.org/W2009940303","https://openalex.org/W2035564358","https://openalex.org/W2107619343","https://openalex.org/W2115304243","https://openalex.org/W2115482408","https://openalex.org/W2168221118","https://openalex.org/W2169978673","https://openalex.org/W3104618226","https://openalex.org/W3126133555","https://openalex.org/W4400680808","https://openalex.org/W6600007113","https://openalex.org/W6638262669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376877853","https://openalex.org/W1493891899","https://openalex.org/W4250928611","https://openalex.org/W166480398","https://openalex.org/W1612808768","https://openalex.org/W167327709","https://openalex.org/W1977393088","https://openalex.org/W4210922265","https://openalex.org/W2288962794","https://openalex.org/W4387839566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,11,29],"Artificial":[3],"Intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"have":[6],"introduced":[7],"a":[8,79,118,133],"popular":[9],"paradigm":[10],"Machine":[12],"Learning":[13],"(ML)":[14],"model":[15,81],"development:":[16],"pre-training":[17,30],"and":[18,25,69,91,149,170],"domain":[19,33],"adaptation.":[20],"As":[21],"both":[22],"closed-source":[23,42,56,108,124],"developers":[24],"open-source":[26,50,63,95,112,127,135,153],"community":[27,113,136,154],"lead":[28,71],"foundation":[31],"models,":[32],"deployers":[34,104],"face":[35],"the":[36,84,88,92,111,147,152,171],"dilemma":[37],"about":[38],"whether":[39],"to":[40,48,72,82,123],"use":[41],"models":[43,51,57,64,128,139],"via":[44],"API":[45],"access":[46],"or":[47,158],"host":[49],"on":[52,98],"proprietary":[53],"hardware.":[54],"Using":[55],"incurs":[58],"recurring":[59],"costs,":[60],"while":[61],"hosting":[62],"requires":[65],"substantial":[66],"hardware":[67],"investments":[68],"may":[70],"potentially":[73],"lagging":[74],"advancements.":[75,125],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"presents":[78],"game-theoretical":[80],"examine":[83],"economic":[85],"incentives":[86],"behind":[87],"deployment":[89],"choice":[90],"impact":[93],"of":[94,151,173],"engagement":[96,148],"strategies":[97],"technological":[99,160],"innovation.":[100,175],"We":[101],"find":[102],"that":[103],"consistently":[105],"opt":[106],"for":[107,167],"APIs":[109],"when":[110,132],"engages":[114],"reactively":[115],"by":[116],"maintaining":[117],"fixed":[119],"performance":[120],"ratio":[121],"relative":[122],"However,":[126],"can":[129,155],"become":[130],"preferable":[131],"proactive":[134],"produces":[137],"high-performance":[138],"independently.":[140],"Furthermore,":[141],"we":[142],"identify":[143],"conditions":[144],"under":[145],"which":[146],"competitiveness":[150],"either":[156],"foster":[157],"inhibit":[159],"progress.":[161],"These":[162],"insights":[163],"offer":[164],"valuable":[165],"implications":[166],"market":[168],"regulation":[169],"future":[172],"technology":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
