{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409657445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714696","title":"WasmGuard: Enhancing Web Security through Robust Raw-Binary Detection of WebAssembly Malware","display_name":"WasmGuard: Enhancing Web Security through Robust Raw-Binary Detection of WebAssembly Malware","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409657445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714696","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714696","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714696","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011235038","display_name":"Yuxia Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-0629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuxia Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014727344","display_name":"HuiHong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"HuiHong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108225891","display_name":"Zhixiao Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiao Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114183655","display_name":"W Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjian Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014957271","display_name":"Zitao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-307X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159948400","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zitao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100674213","display_name":"Haolin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3192-6378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4610292","display_name":"Xiangtan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsfaz62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haolin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011235038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159948400"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7884,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89274901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1942","last_page":"1950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7693868279457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6899145245552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5544070601463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4870653450489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4249735474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.32168304920196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.06730431318283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.05866524577140808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7693868279457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6899145245552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5544070601463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4870653450489044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4249735474586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32168304920196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.06730431318283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.05866524577140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714696","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714696","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714696","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714696","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4072358120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5239595675","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFE0210800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5249178904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5511827387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022LSYS003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322292","funder_display_name":"Jinan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809029997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E0210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322292","display_name":"Jinan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xe5ns62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409657445.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409657445.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2890228473","https://openalex.org/W2897385569","https://openalex.org/W2911975451","https://openalex.org/W2942795289","https://openalex.org/W2967058495","https://openalex.org/W2973628901","https://openalex.org/W3008935647","https://openalex.org/W3012849786","https://openalex.org/W3015481738","https://openalex.org/W3121642005","https://openalex.org/W3138147846","https://openalex.org/W3155555003","https://openalex.org/W3175941285","https://openalex.org/W4228999312","https://openalex.org/W4288072399","https://openalex.org/W4313036228","https://openalex.org/W4367046638","https://openalex.org/W4377103576","https://openalex.org/W4390742456","https://openalex.org/W4391069661","https://openalex.org/W4400409333","https://openalex.org/W4402274157"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W4316881845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"WebAssembly":[0],"(Wasm),":[1],"a":[2,14,97,121,166],"binary":[3],"instruction":[4],"format":[5],"designed":[6],"for":[7,61,103,113],"efficient":[8],"cross-platform":[9],"execution,":[10],"has":[11,30],"rapidly":[12],"become":[13],"foundational":[15],"web":[16,49],"standard,":[17],"widely":[18],"adopted":[19],"in":[20,35,55,73,116],"browsers,":[21],"client-side,":[22],"and":[23,40,148],"server-side":[24],"applications.":[25],"However,":[26],"its":[27],"growing":[28],"popularity":[29],"led":[31],"to":[32,48,83,144],"an":[33],"increase":[34],"Wasm-targeted":[36],"malware,":[37,63],"including":[38],"cryptojackers":[39],"obfuscated":[41],"malicious":[42,174],"scripts,":[43],"which":[44],"pose":[45],"significant":[46],"threats":[47],"security.":[50],"In":[51,76],"spite":[52],"of":[53],"progress":[54],"deep":[56],"learning":[57,125],"based":[58],"detection":[59,80,100],"methods":[60],"Wasm":[62,175],"such":[64],"as":[65],"MINOS,":[66],"these":[67],"approaches":[68],"face":[69],"substantial":[70],"performance":[71],"degradation":[72],"adversarial":[74,86,108,123,154],"environments.":[75],"our":[77,128],"experiments,":[78],"MINOS's":[79],"accuracy":[81],"dropped":[82],"49.90%":[84],"under":[85,152],"attacks,":[87,155],"revealing":[88],"critical":[89],"vulnerabilities.":[90],"To":[91],"address":[92],"this,":[93],"we":[94,162],"introduce":[95],"WasmGuard,":[96],"robust":[98],"malware":[99],"framework":[101],"tailored":[102],"Wasm.":[104],"WasmGuard":[105,137],"employs":[106],"FGSM-based":[107],"training":[109,159],"with":[110,120],"prior-based":[111],"initialization":[112],"perturbation":[114],"bytes":[115],"customized":[117],"sections,":[118],"coupled":[119],"novel":[122],"contrastive":[124],"objective.":[126],"Using":[127],"large-scale":[129],"dataset,":[130],"WasmMal-15K":[131],"(publicly":[132],"available":[133],"at":[134,177],"https://github.com/Yuxia-Sun/WasmMal":[135],"GitHub),":[136],"outperforms":[138],"six":[139],"competing":[140],"methods,":[141],"achieving":[142],"up":[143],"99.20%":[145],"Robust":[146],"Accuracy":[147,151],"99.93%":[149],"Standard":[150],"PGD-50":[153],"while":[156],"maintaining":[157],"low":[158],"overhead.":[160],"Additionally,":[161],"have":[163],"released":[164],"WebChecker,":[165],"WasmGuard-powered":[167],"browser":[168],"plugin,":[169],"providing":[170],"real-time":[171],"protection":[172],"against":[173],"files,":[176],"https://github.com/Yuxia-Sun/WasmGuard.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}