{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409671913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714647","title":"Digital Disparities: A Comparative Web Measurement Study Across Economic Boundaries","display_name":"Digital Disparities: A Comparative Web Measurement Study Across Economic Boundaries","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409671913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714647","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714647","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714647","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010463767","display_name":"Masudul Hasan Masud Bhuiyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-4334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masudul Hasan Masud Bhuiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086009737","display_name":"Matteo Varvello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8500-4630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Varvello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Holmdel, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Holmdel, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068174067","display_name":"Cristian-Alexandru Staicu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6542-2226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian-Alexandru Staicu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018129441","display_name":"Yasir Zaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8078-6944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Zaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010463767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.08,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90661461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1889","last_page":"1900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13976","display_name":"Web visibility and informetrics","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5379660129547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35568901896476746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5379660129547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35568901896476746}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714647","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714647","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714647","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714647","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409671913.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488161808","https://openalex.org/W1984563558","https://openalex.org/W2018645911","https://openalex.org/W2024699613","https://openalex.org/W2040720771","https://openalex.org/W2054066648","https://openalex.org/W2098105926","https://openalex.org/W2121895216","https://openalex.org/W2142747917","https://openalex.org/W2206142358","https://openalex.org/W2276382071","https://openalex.org/W2285910409","https://openalex.org/W2300286844","https://openalex.org/W2768782336","https://openalex.org/W2909820252","https://openalex.org/W2964203713","https://openalex.org/W3012591568","https://openalex.org/W3121596715","https://openalex.org/W3130739196","https://openalex.org/W3172861707","https://openalex.org/W3175798195","https://openalex.org/W3190536237","https://openalex.org/W3211624224","https://openalex.org/W3215923938","https://openalex.org/W4213069590","https://openalex.org/W4213190682","https://openalex.org/W4231097212","https://openalex.org/W4239249613","https://openalex.org/W4283459939","https://openalex.org/W4300672946","https://openalex.org/W4307020329","https://openalex.org/W4307020339","https://openalex.org/W4313856025","https://openalex.org/W4322764384","https://openalex.org/W4367046362","https://openalex.org/W4367047509","https://openalex.org/W4386385571","https://openalex.org/W4387880868","https://openalex.org/W4388857742","https://openalex.org/W4402264821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"internet":[1],"usage":[2],"is":[3,9],"slowly":[4],"catching":[5],"up":[6],"globally,":[7],"it":[8],"still":[10,36],"unclear":[11],"how":[12],"the":[13,23,26,50,62,68,102,123,176],"web":[14,27,42,98,130],"experience":[15],"differs":[16],"in":[17,80,97,160,183,192,221],"developing":[18,53,81,136,161,218],"and":[19,46,59,82,118,135,166,224],"developed":[20,73,83,134],"countries.":[21,74],"On":[22,49],"one":[24],"hand,":[25,52],"has":[28],"a":[29],"notoriously":[30],"large":[31],"inertia,":[32],"with":[33,152],"many":[34],"webpages":[35,79,140,159],"relying":[37],"on":[38],"unencrypted":[39],"HTTP,":[40],"deprecated":[41],"features,":[43],"or":[44,205,208],"old":[45],"buggy":[47],"libraries.":[48],"other":[51,193],"countries":[54,143],"are":[55,163,189],"expected":[56],"to":[57,126,148,229],"leapfrog":[58],"directly":[60],"adopt":[61],"newest":[63],"technologies":[64],"by":[65,94],"learning":[66],"from":[67],"prior":[69],"mistakes":[70],"of":[71,105,232],"more":[72],"Anecdotal":[75],"evidence":[76],"suggests":[77],"that":[78,128,158,174],"regions":[84,137,162,219],"differ":[85],"significantly.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88,92,153],"work,":[89],"we":[90,121,146],"test":[91],"hypothesis":[93],"measuring":[95],"differences":[96],"development":[99,131],"practices":[100,132],"across":[101,133,141],"two":[103],"groups":[104],"countries,":[106],"using":[107],"multiple":[108],"dimensions:":[109],"webpages'":[110],"size,":[111],"complexity,":[112],"security,":[113],"privacy,":[114],"quality,":[115],"technology":[116],"adoption,":[117],"accessibility.":[119],"Concretely,":[120],"collect":[122],"largest":[124],"dataset":[125],"date":[127],"compares":[129],"--":[138,144],"200,000":[139],"20":[142],"which":[145],"aim":[147],"open":[149],"source":[150],"along":[151],"publication.":[154],"Our":[155],"findings":[156],"reveal":[157],"generally":[164],"smaller":[165],"simpler,":[167],"utilizing":[168],"fewer":[169],"requests":[170],"-":[171],"an":[172],"adaptation":[173],"improves":[175],"performance":[177],"over":[178],"slower":[179],"network":[180],"conditions":[181],"common":[182],"these":[184,187],"areas.":[185],"However,":[186],"sites":[188],"less":[190],"optimized":[191],"critical":[194],"aspects:":[195],"they":[196],"frequently":[197],"employ":[198],"inefficient":[199],"image":[200,211],"formats,":[201],"include":[202],"unnecessary":[203],"JavaScript":[204],"CSS":[206],"code,":[207],"lack":[209],"responsive":[210],"designs.":[212],"Notably,":[213],"our":[214],"security":[215],"assessment":[216],"shows":[217],"lagging":[220],"HTTPS":[222],"adoption":[223],"vulnerability":[225],"mitigation,":[226],"possibly":[227],"due":[228],"lower":[230],"awareness":[231],"best":[233],"practices.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}