{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409657450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714579","title":"Broken Access: On the Challenges of Screen Reader Assisted Two-Factor and Passwordless Authentication","display_name":"Broken Access: On the Challenges of Screen Reader Assisted Two-Factor and Passwordless Authentication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409657450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714579","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714579","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714579","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013232395","display_name":"Md Mojibur Rahman Redoy Akanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-316X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Mojibur Rahman Redoy Akanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2874-316X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065458594","display_name":"Ahmed Tanvir Mahdad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4136-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Tanvir Mahdad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4136-7004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059730489","display_name":"Nitesh Saxena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-104X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitesh Saxena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-104X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5885,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78196425,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1116","last_page":"1128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.6492187976837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.6474105715751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6285427808761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6281688213348389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43225014209747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3328544497489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.27001887559890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07036232948303223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6492187976837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.6474105715751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6285427808761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6281688213348389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43225014209747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3328544497489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.27001887559890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07036232948303223}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714579","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714579","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2603.07820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.07820","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.07820","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3696410.3714579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3696410.3714579","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3696410.3714579","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2025","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1504610626","display_name":"Collaborative Research: SaTC: CORE: Medium: Bubble Aid: Assistive AI to Improve the Robustness and Security of Reading Hand-Marked Ballots","funder_award_id":"2154507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4131819877","display_name":"Collaborative Research: SaTC: TTP: Medium: Intrusion-Tolerant Outsourced Storage for Cyber-Infrastructure","funder_award_id":"2201465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8377161673","display_name":"CICI: UCSS: Towards Secure and Usable Push Notification Authentication for Collaborative Scientific Infrastructures","funder_award_id":"2139358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409657450.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409657450.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618024573","https://openalex.org/W1958876462","https://openalex.org/W1965054471","https://openalex.org/W1965463267","https://openalex.org/W1994702315","https://openalex.org/W2061639962","https://openalex.org/W2124371120","https://openalex.org/W2132795334","https://openalex.org/W2155965446","https://openalex.org/W2166789485","https://openalex.org/W2168735851","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2271621796","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2537573701","https://openalex.org/W2602351626","https://openalex.org/W2618986632","https://openalex.org/W2723746209","https://openalex.org/W2782943663","https://openalex.org/W2783875446","https://openalex.org/W2790853131","https://openalex.org/W2795270809","https://openalex.org/W2803610987","https://openalex.org/W2902176401","https://openalex.org/W2908400479","https://openalex.org/W2910685981","https://openalex.org/W2911480189","https://openalex.org/W2911728339","https://openalex.org/W2913210298","https://openalex.org/W2916979304","https://openalex.org/W2997159780","https://openalex.org/W3007037597","https://openalex.org/W3011451419","https://openalex.org/W3040472729","https://openalex.org/W3095928979","https://openalex.org/W3119446335","https://openalex.org/W3136003570","https://openalex.org/W3161099169","https://openalex.org/W3170696348","https://openalex.org/W3171830332","https://openalex.org/W3186664387","https://openalex.org/W3205054411","https://openalex.org/W3212503360","https://openalex.org/W3215222005","https://openalex.org/W4224982663","https://openalex.org/W4229814139","https://openalex.org/W4296782716","https://openalex.org/W4311740760","https://openalex.org/W4318985502","https://openalex.org/W4385412276","https://openalex.org/W4387227923","https://openalex.org/W4388858368","https://openalex.org/W4388867283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912135041","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W4309172146","https://openalex.org/W4238865314","https://openalex.org/W4291701200","https://openalex.org/W2784315464","https://openalex.org/W4391429007","https://openalex.org/W192327621","https://openalex.org/W3000652178","https://openalex.org/W153191986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,50],"today's":[1],"technology-driven":[2],"world,":[3],"web":[4,32,67,80,120],"services":[5,24],"have":[6],"opened":[7],"up":[8],"new":[9],"opportunities":[10],"for":[11,82,134,196,217],"blind":[12,45,73,135],"and":[13,46,62,74,90,100,111,127,136,167,172,220,230],"visually":[14,47,75,137],"impaired":[15,48,76,138],"people":[16],"to":[17,130],"interact":[18],"independently.":[19],"Securing":[20],"interactions":[21,147],"with":[22,148,158,169,174],"these":[23,66,142],"is":[25],"crucial;":[26],"however,":[27],"currently":[28],"deployed":[29,119],"methods":[30,69,150],"of":[31,43,65,118,125,163,180,188],"authentication":[33,68,81,89,121,146,149,194,198],"mainly":[34],"concentrate":[35],"on":[36],"sighted":[37],"users,":[38],"overlooking":[39],"the":[40,44,60,164],"specific":[41,203],"needs":[42],"community.":[49],"this":[51,55],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,105],"address":[54],"critical":[56],"gap":[57],"by":[58,72,207],"investigating":[59],"security":[61],"accessibility":[63,204],"aspects":[64],"when":[70],"adopted":[71],"users.":[77],"We":[78,140],"model":[79],"such":[83],"users":[84],"as":[85],"screen":[86,113,143,159,170,176,191,209],"reader":[87,144,192,210],"assisted":[88,145,193],"introduce":[91],"an":[92],"evaluation":[93],"framework":[94],"called":[95],"Authentication":[96],"Workflows":[97],"Accessibility":[98],"Review":[99],"Evaluation":[101],"(AWARE).":[102],"Using":[103],"AWARE,":[104],"then":[106],"systematically":[107],"assessed":[108],"popular":[109],"PC-based":[110],"smartphone-based":[112],"readers":[114],"against":[115],"different":[116],"types":[117],"methods,":[122],"including":[123,225],"variants":[124],"2FA":[126],"passwordless":[128],"schemes,":[129],"simulate":[131],"real-world":[132,219],"scenarios":[133,195,216],"individuals.":[139],"analyzed":[141],"in":[151,186],"three":[152],"settings:":[153],"using":[154],"a":[155,161],"terminal":[156,165],"(PC)":[157,166],"readers,":[160,171],"combination":[162],"smartphone":[168],"smartphones":[173],"integrated":[175],"readers.":[177],"The":[178],"results":[179],"our":[181,189],"study":[182],"underscore":[183],"significant":[184],"weaknesses":[185],"all":[187],"observed":[190,215],"real-life":[197],"methods.":[199],"These":[200],"weaknesses,":[201],"encompassing":[202],"issues":[205],"caused":[206],"imprecise":[208],"instructions,":[211],"highlight":[212],"vulnerability":[213],"concerning":[214],"both":[218],"research":[221],"literature":[222],"based":[223],"attacks,":[224],"phishing,":[226],"concurrency,":[227],"fatigue,":[228],"cross-service,":[229],"shoulder":[231],"surfing.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}