{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402530290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3695883","title":"mmBox: Harnessing Millimeter-Wave Signals for Reliable Vehicle and Pedestrians Detection","display_name":"mmBox: Harnessing Millimeter-Wave Signals for Reliable Vehicle and Pedestrians Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402530290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3695883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3695883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3695883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039333744","display_name":"Zhuangzhuang Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-1537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangzhuang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-1537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056339946","display_name":"Hem Regmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-2011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hem Regmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-2011","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003823888","display_name":"Sanjib Sur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-3087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjib Sur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5711-3087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8654,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73444075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.7977136373519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.787716805934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.7030200958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.6718730926513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.6583027243614197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5959427356719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.54768306016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5224080085754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5052841305732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47346773743629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.4706743657588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-weather","display_name":"Adverse weather","score":0.47040802240371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.47005000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4468829333782196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3723638951778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2832688093185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20253756642341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.16393998265266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.13114464282989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09292897582054138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.7977136373519897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.787716805934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.7030200958251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.6718730926513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.6583027243614197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5959427356719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.54768306016922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5224080085754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5052841305732727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47346773743629456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.4706743657588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992147540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161","display_name":"Adverse weather","level":2,"score":0.47040802240371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.47005000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4468829333782196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3723638951778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2832688093185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20253756642341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.16393998265266418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.13114464282989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09292897582054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3695883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3695883","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175912","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","issn_l":"2577-6207","issn":["2577-6207","2691-1914"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1625553374","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2318797719","https://openalex.org/W2522825389","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2803779774","https://openalex.org/W2805188280","https://openalex.org/W2899731239","https://openalex.org/W2904648219","https://openalex.org/W2913017407","https://openalex.org/W2940761300","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2986097283","https://openalex.org/W2989940015","https://openalex.org/W2997747012","https://openalex.org/W3006377662","https://openalex.org/W3013274043","https://openalex.org/W3018493579","https://openalex.org/W3033162846","https://openalex.org/W3035708560","https://openalex.org/W3035918487","https://openalex.org/W3040103404","https://openalex.org/W3088622540","https://openalex.org/W3089645076","https://openalex.org/W3116493117","https://openalex.org/W3122173535","https://openalex.org/W3128655704","https://openalex.org/W3132342445","https://openalex.org/W3163859203","https://openalex.org/W3167214600","https://openalex.org/W3175987492","https://openalex.org/W4200049115","https://openalex.org/W4200291919","https://openalex.org/W4225679458","https://openalex.org/W4229948457","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4241648823","https://openalex.org/W4243371102","https://openalex.org/W4283396434","https://openalex.org/W4283513613","https://openalex.org/W4283745609","https://openalex.org/W4289529691","https://openalex.org/W4290755021","https://openalex.org/W4304092289","https://openalex.org/W4312492443","https://openalex.org/W4312853449","https://openalex.org/W4385719937","https://openalex.org/W4386076457","https://openalex.org/W4386245207","https://openalex.org/W4386802601","https://openalex.org/W6639076287","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6775188480","https://openalex.org/W6787598130"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"detection":[1],"plays":[2],"a":[3,11,89,115],"pivotal":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,34,54,62,109],"various":[7],"fields,":[8],"for":[9,20,82,101,122],"example,":[10],"smart":[12],"traffic":[13,138],"system":[14],"relies":[15],"on":[16],"the":[17,126,151],"detected":[18],"results":[19],"decision-making.":[21],"However,":[22],"existing":[23],"studies":[24],"predominately":[25],"utilize":[26],"optical":[27],"camera":[28],"and":[29,65,87,103,112,140,150],"LiDAR,":[30],"which":[31,105],"exhibit":[32],"limitations":[33],"adverse":[35],"outdoor":[36],"environments,":[37],"such":[38,77],"as":[39,78],"foggy":[40],"weather.":[41],"To":[42,124],"address":[43],"these":[44],"challenges,":[45],"millimeter-waves":[46],"(mmWaves)":[47],"attract":[48],"researchers\u2019":[49],"attention":[50],"to":[51,94,119],"detect":[52],"objects":[53],"severe":[55],"conditions":[56,64],"since":[57],"they":[58],"can":[59],"work":[60],"effectively":[61],"low-visibility":[63],"overcome":[66],"small":[67],"obstacles.":[68],"Yet,":[69],"previous":[70],"mmWave-based":[71],"works":[72],"have":[73],"shown":[74],"limited":[75],"performance,":[76],"no":[79],"shape":[80],"information":[81],"objects.":[83],"Therefore,":[84],"we":[85,131],"design":[86],"implement":[88],"two-stage":[90],"system,":[91],"mmBox":[92,129],",":[93,130],"accurately":[95],"predict":[96],"bounding":[97],"boxes":[98],"with":[99],"depth":[100],"vehicles":[102],"pedestrians,":[104],"first":[106],"generates":[107],"heatmaps":[108],"different":[110],"dimensions":[111],"then":[113],"leverages":[114],"deep":[116],"learning":[117],"model":[118],"extract":[120],"features":[121],"predictions.":[123],"evaluate":[125],"performance":[127],"of":[128,154],"collected":[132],"real-world":[133],"mmWave":[134],"reflections":[135],"from":[136],"urban":[137],"intersections":[139],"dense-fog":[141],"environments.":[142],"The":[143],"extensive":[144],"evaluation":[145],"metrics":[146],"show":[147],"remarkable":[148],"accuracy":[149],"low":[152],"latency":[153],"our":[155],"model.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}