{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415542728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937","title":"Probabilistic In-Plane Detection for Mid-Air Virtual Surface Interactions","display_name":"Probabilistic In-Plane Detection for Mid-Air Virtual Surface Interactions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415542728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3694907.3765937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062843975","display_name":"Florian Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-6838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florian Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-6838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115592453","display_name":"Zhuorui Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuorui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9321-8931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086345654","display_name":"Christoph Albert Johns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-340X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph A. Johns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-340X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042452579","display_name":"Per Ola Kristensson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-871X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Ola Kristensson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-871X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068640497","display_name":"John J. Dudley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6692-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John J Dudley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6692-4853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062843975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2920709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5570999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planar","display_name":"Planar","score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.4593000113964081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6592000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5570999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5407999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5275999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134786449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3391255","display_name":"Planar","level":2,"score":0.476500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776585123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424666","display_name":"Slider","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121449826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864114","display_name":"Input device","level":2,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17825722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17285","display_name":"Plane (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636326","display_name":"3D interaction","level":3,"score":0.36390000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62402345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18921192","display_name":"Interaction technique","level":3,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161759796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3982902","display_name":"Teleoperation","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3694907.3765937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/1a83160a-0094-411a-8764-448267e1605f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/1a83160a-0094-411a-8764-448267e1605f","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fischer, F, Yu, Z, Johns, C A, Kristensson, P O & Dudley, J J 2025, Probabilistic In-Plane Detection for Mid-Air Virtual Surface Interactions. in A U Batmaz, R J Teather, D Reilly, H Nguyen, M PerusquuUa-HernuAndez & A Quevedo (eds), Proceedings - SUI 2025 : ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction., 9, Association for Computing Machinery, 13th ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction, ACM SUI 2025, Montreal, Canada, 10/11/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/394174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/394174","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/b34870e8-93eb-4af5-8010-86ec1b1b0cad/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Object"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3694907.3765937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3694907.3765937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Symposium on Spatial User Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5787495300","display_name":"Towards an Equitable Social VR","funder_award_id":"EP/W02456X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1946505397","https://openalex.org/W1969214042","https://openalex.org/W2008517591","https://openalex.org/W2013420274","https://openalex.org/W2029776687","https://openalex.org/W2032026767","https://openalex.org/W2057243093","https://openalex.org/W2109775647","https://openalex.org/W2125490883","https://openalex.org/W2132235889","https://openalex.org/W2133355507","https://openalex.org/W2137727001","https://openalex.org/W2159584736","https://openalex.org/W2190217746","https://openalex.org/W2552886112","https://openalex.org/W2611561499","https://openalex.org/W2764065835","https://openalex.org/W2792209414","https://openalex.org/W2808238027","https://openalex.org/W2910521986","https://openalex.org/W2941563158","https://openalex.org/W2968478674","https://openalex.org/W2969532307","https://openalex.org/W2994928343","https://openalex.org/W2996897273","https://openalex.org/W3094153632","https://openalex.org/W3105602061","https://openalex.org/W3135907457","https://openalex.org/W3163397000","https://openalex.org/W3164089640","https://openalex.org/W3164626843","https://openalex.org/W3189108674","https://openalex.org/W3206624945","https://openalex.org/W3207910091","https://openalex.org/W4224032630","https://openalex.org/W4224222272","https://openalex.org/W4225089689","https://openalex.org/W4280572780","https://openalex.org/W4297156530","https://openalex.org/W4307475498","https://openalex.org/W4320519759","https://openalex.org/W4366547419","https://openalex.org/W4386176470","https://openalex.org/W4387250059","https://openalex.org/W4387250104","https://openalex.org/W4387350466","https://openalex.org/W4387618810","https://openalex.org/W4387801102","https://openalex.org/W4391431454","https://openalex.org/W4394825439","https://openalex.org/W4396831737","https://openalex.org/W4396833429","https://openalex.org/W4400410929","https://openalex.org/W4402721851","https://openalex.org/W4405845092","https://openalex.org/W4409884218","https://openalex.org/W4409884812"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,121,166],"virtual":[1],"and":[2,34,52,77,87,107,145,157,189,195,210],"augmented":[3],"reality,":[4],"certain":[5],"types":[6],"of":[7,38,54,61,149,177,183],"mid-air":[8,33],"interaction,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,83,92],"planar":[12,101],"drawing":[13],"or":[14],"dragging":[15],"interface":[16,138],"elements,":[17],"are":[18,113],"most":[19],"sensibly":[20],"performed":[21],"on":[22,73,162],"a":[23,69,117,167,181,186],"2D":[24],"surface.":[25],"When":[26],"this":[27,81,90,122],"surface":[28],"must":[29],"be":[30,44,159],"located":[31],"in":[32,116,185,193],"without":[35,103],"any":[36,104],"form":[37],"passive":[39],"haptic":[40],"feedback,":[41],"it":[42,173],"can":[43,139,158],"very":[45],"difficult":[46],"to":[47,58,67,99,190,199],"accurately":[48],"determine":[49],"the":[50,74,84,93,111,130,136,175],"start":[51,85],"end":[53,94],"user":[55,119,137,150,168],"input":[56],"due":[57],"various":[59],"sources":[60],"uncertainty.":[62],"The":[63],"conventional":[64],"approach":[65,127],"is":[66,154],"apply":[68],"simple":[70,200],"depth":[71],"threshold":[72,82,91,112],"interaction":[75],"plane":[76],"associate":[78],"entry":[79],"within":[80],"event":[86],"exit":[88,131],"from":[89,110],"event.":[95],"However,":[96],"users":[97],"struggle":[98],"maintain":[100],"movement":[102],"physical":[105],"support,":[106],"unintended":[108,178],"departures":[109],"common,":[114],"resulting":[115],"frustrating":[118,147],"experience.":[120],"work,":[123],"we":[124,170],"explore":[125],"an":[126],"that":[128,135,172],"handles":[129],"events":[132],"probabilistically":[133],"so":[134],"gracefully":[140],"switch":[141],"between":[142],"operating":[143],"modes,":[144],"avoid":[146],"interruptions":[148],"interactions.":[151],"Our":[152],"method":[153,207],"simple,":[155],"interpretable,":[156],"easily":[160],"deployed":[161],"commercial":[163],"VR":[164],"hardware.":[165],"study,":[169],"demonstrate":[171],"reduces":[174],"number":[176],"exits":[179],"by":[180],"factor":[182],"16":[184],"drag-and-drop":[187],"task":[188],"almost":[191],"zero":[192],"slider":[194],"sketching":[196],"tasks,":[197],"compared":[198],"depth-based":[201],"thresholding.":[202],"Participants":[203],"also":[204],"found":[205],"our":[206],"more":[208],"usable":[209],"less":[211],"demanding.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-25T00:00:00"}
