{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403536071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312","title":"Towards Robust ML-enabled Software Systems: Detecting Out-of-Distribution data using Gini Coefficients","display_name":"Towards Robust ML-enabled Software Systems: Detecting Out-of-Distribution data using Gini Coefficients","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403536071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3691620.3695312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059038710","display_name":"Hala Abdelkader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-8896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hala Abdelkader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute - Deakin University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9533-8896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute - Deakin University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076543742","display_name":"Jean-Guy Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9827-5496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Guy Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9827-5496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068173669","display_name":"Mohamed Abdelrazek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-9785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Abdelrazek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deakin University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-9785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deakin University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062933026","display_name":"Priya Rani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-1185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priya Rani","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-1185","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030486012","display_name":"Rajesh Vasa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Vasa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute - Deakin University, Victoria, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-1467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute - Deakin University, Victoria, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15274785,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2289","last_page":"2293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6792834401130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.554835855960846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gini-coefficient","display_name":"Gini coefficient","score":0.4834071695804596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17584607005119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11537659168243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.10022327303886414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6792834401130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.554835855960846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.4834071695804596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17584607005119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11537659168243408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.10022327303886414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3691620.3695312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:monash.edu:openaire/d2f710bf-ea19-4242-9b79-fe0f3bb7e13f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/d2f710bf-ea19-4242-9b79-fe0f3bb7e13f","pdf_url":"https://researchmgt.monash.edu/ws/files/744626937/744608756-oa.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402625","display_name":"Monash University Research Portal (Monash University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","host_organization_name":"Monash University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Abdelkader, H, Schneider, J G, Abdelrazek, M, Rani, P & Vasa, R 2024, Towards Robust ML-enabled Software Systems : Detecting Out-of-Distribution data using Gini Coefficients. in L Shi (ed.), Proceedings - 2024 39th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2024. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York NY USA, pp. 2289-2293, Automated Software Engineering Conference 2024, Sacramento, California, United States of America, 28/10/24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27312777","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3691620.3695312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695312","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2317739826","https://openalex.org/W2560835477","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2922234936","https://openalex.org/W2948194985","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W2983041926","https://openalex.org/W2986193249","https://openalex.org/W3006036236","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3122510673","https://openalex.org/W4323030608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2366815465","https://openalex.org/W2348303887","https://openalex.org/W4295559186","https://openalex.org/W2394207905","https://openalex.org/W2359203237","https://openalex.org/W1554039155","https://openalex.org/W4390564847"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"models":[3,26],"have":[4],"become":[5],"essential":[6,74],"components":[7],"in":[8,118],"software":[9,32,64,77,93],"systems":[10,33,43,65],"across":[11],"several":[12],"domains,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"autonomous":[16],"driving,":[17],"healthcare,":[18],"and":[19,35,80,87,91,105,205],"finance.":[20],"The":[21],"robustness":[22],"of":[23,62,126,162],"these":[24,42,127],"ML":[25],"is":[27,73,120],"crucial":[28],"for":[29,75,210],"maintaining":[30,76],"the":[31,52,63,110,114,124,138,152,178,190,195,202,211],"performance":[34,79,125],"reliability.":[36],"A":[37],"significant":[38],"challenge":[39],"arises":[40],"when":[41],"encounter":[44,117],"out-of-distribution":[45],"(OOD)":[46],"data,":[47],"examples":[48],"that":[49,113,133,174],"differ":[50],"from":[51],"training":[53],"data":[54,57,112,132,164],"distribution.":[55],"OOD":[56,70,89,96,106,111,131,148,163,196],"can":[58],"cause":[59],"a":[60,83,146,186],"degradation":[61],"performance.":[66],"Therefore,":[67],"an":[68],"effective":[69],"detection":[71,97,149,197],"mechanism":[72,84],"system":[78,115],"robustness.":[81],"Such":[82],"should":[85],"identify":[86],"reject":[88],"inputs":[90],"alert":[92],"engineers.":[94],"Current":[95],"methods":[98,128],"rely":[99],"on":[100,189,201],"hyperparameters":[101],"tuned":[102],"with":[103,130],"in-distribution":[104,139],"data.":[107,140],"However,":[108],"defining":[109],"will":[116],"production":[119],"often":[121],"infeasible.":[122],"Further,":[123],"degrades":[129],"has":[134],"similar":[135],"characteristics":[136],"to":[137],"In":[141],"this":[142],"paper,":[143],"we":[144,172,193],"propose":[145],"novel":[147],"method":[150,156,176],"using":[151],"Gini":[153],"coefficient.":[154],"Our":[155],"does":[157],"not":[158],"require":[159],"prior":[160],"knowledge":[161],"or":[165],"hyperparameter":[166],"tuning.":[167],"On":[168],"common":[169],"benchmark":[170],"datasets,":[171],"show":[173],"our":[175],"outperforms":[177],"existing":[179],"maximum":[180],"softmax":[181],"probability":[182],"(MSP)":[183],"baseline.":[184],"For":[185],"model":[187],"trained":[188],"MNIST":[191],"dataset,":[192],"improve":[194],"rate":[198],"by":[199,206],"4%":[200],"CIFAR10":[203],"dataset":[204],"more":[207],"than":[208],"50%":[209],"EMNIST":[212],"dataset.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}