{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402134196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691339","title":"A Survey on Stability of Learning with Limited Labelled Data and its Sensitivity to the Effects of Randomness","display_name":"A Survey on Stability of Learning with Limited Labelled Data and its Sensitivity to the Effects of Randomness","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402134196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3691339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691339","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3691339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3691339","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078389036","display_name":"Branislav Pecher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-8620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200340","display_name":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02j78kr76","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Branislav Pecher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic and Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia","Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-8620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic and Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340","https://openalex.org/I60587646"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082763244","display_name":"Ivan Srba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3511-5337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200340","display_name":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02j78kr76","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Srba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3511-5337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030414237","display_name":"M\u00e1ria Bielikov\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-3494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200340","display_name":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/02j78kr76","country_code":null,"type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Bielikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia and Slovak.AI, Bratislava, Slovakia","Slovak.AI, Bratislava Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4105-3494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia and Slovak.AI, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401200340"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Slovak.AI, Bratislava Slovakia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7514,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91258383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.948199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8009668588638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7879428863525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6937724351882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.6910499930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4916883111000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4709545075893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2160918116569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12191051244735718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8009668588638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7879428863525391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6937724351882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.6910499930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4916883111000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4709545075893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2160918116569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12191051244735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3691339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691339","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3691339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:13640524","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:2312.01082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys, (2024-09-02)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3691339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3691339","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3691339","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402134196.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":142,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2916009164","https://openalex.org/W2953183526","https://openalex.org/W2963940534","https://openalex.org/W3099624838","https://openalex.org/W3100511085","https://openalex.org/W3104492344","https://openalex.org/W3122184684","https://openalex.org/W3122241445","https://openalex.org/W3137415269","https://openalex.org/W3144543375","https://openalex.org/W3152515526","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W3167554296","https://openalex.org/W3172318343","https://openalex.org/W3172642864","https://openalex.org/W3173185981","https://openalex.org/W3175603587","https://openalex.org/W3175987672","https://openalex.org/W3176586352","https://openalex.org/W3177349994","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3192405822","https://openalex.org/W3198599617","https://openalex.org/W3199761064","https://openalex.org/W3201734921","https://openalex.org/W3204976945","https://openalex.org/W3205717164","https://openalex.org/W3211620297","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4220914596","https://openalex.org/W4224049561","https://openalex.org/W4224280420","https://openalex.org/W4225691633","https://openalex.org/W4285129823","https://openalex.org/W4285244252","https://openalex.org/W4287815740","https://openalex.org/W4287867774","https://openalex.org/W4287887316","https://openalex.org/W4287891464","https://openalex.org/W4300037694","https://openalex.org/W4312743288","https://openalex.org/W4313483544","https://openalex.org/W4319163914","https://openalex.org/W4321161602","https://openalex.org/W4321524280","https://openalex.org/W4321649030","https://openalex.org/W4322619436","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4365799947","https://openalex.org/W4366554605","https://openalex.org/W4372347727","https://openalex.org/W4378189609","https://openalex.org/W4379958452","https://openalex.org/W4382202774","https://openalex.org/W4382362953","https://openalex.org/W4384920109","https://openalex.org/W4385569970","https://openalex.org/W4385570412","https://openalex.org/W4385570446","https://openalex.org/W4385570451","https://openalex.org/W4385570529","https://openalex.org/W4385570601","https://openalex.org/W4385571076","https://openalex.org/W4385571078","https://openalex.org/W4385571098","https://openalex.org/W4385571264","https://openalex.org/W4385571633","https://openalex.org/W4385571896","https://openalex.org/W4385573504","https://openalex.org/W4385573610","https://openalex.org/W4385574298","https://openalex.org/W4386114306","https://openalex.org/W4386566453","https://openalex.org/W4386566946","https://openalex.org/W4387355767","https://openalex.org/W4387724059","https://openalex.org/W4387724290","https://openalex.org/W4388184340","https://openalex.org/W4389009509","https://openalex.org/W4389518664","https://openalex.org/W4389518783","https://openalex.org/W4389518829","https://openalex.org/W4389518841","https://openalex.org/W4389518931","https://openalex.org/W4389519258","https://openalex.org/W4389519452","https://openalex.org/W4389520255","https://openalex.org/W4389520264","https://openalex.org/W4389520756","https://openalex.org/W4389521024","https://openalex.org/W4389523741","https://openalex.org/W4389523915","https://openalex.org/W4389524190","https://openalex.org/W4390897426","https://openalex.org/W4390897650","https://openalex.org/W4390898062","https://openalex.org/W4391158944","https://openalex.org/W4391211792","https://openalex.org/W4391591687","https://openalex.org/W4391622449","https://openalex.org/W4391709665","https://openalex.org/W4391946870","https://openalex.org/W4392012788","https://openalex.org/W4392020041","https://openalex.org/W4392576613","https://openalex.org/W4396601147","https://openalex.org/W4396821386","https://openalex.org/W4398879428","https://openalex.org/W4399116440","https://openalex.org/W4399378931","https://openalex.org/W4399447733","https://openalex.org/W4399759481","https://openalex.org/W4399836708","https://openalex.org/W4399837314","https://openalex.org/W4400222341","https://openalex.org/W4401042205","https://openalex.org/W4401043286","https://openalex.org/W4401208776","https://openalex.org/W4402670080","https://openalex.org/W4402670305","https://openalex.org/W4402670561","https://openalex.org/W4402670750","https://openalex.org/W4402671206","https://openalex.org/W4402671690","https://openalex.org/W4402683784","https://openalex.org/W4403487663","https://openalex.org/W4404781121","https://openalex.org/W4404781790","https://openalex.org/W4404781879","https://openalex.org/W4404783011","https://openalex.org/W4404784442","https://openalex.org/W6745136726","https://openalex.org/W6776331362","https://openalex.org/W6848909144","https://openalex.org/W6849590751","https://openalex.org/W6850054432","https://openalex.org/W6861114199","https://openalex.org/W6868892434","https://openalex.org/W6869795791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"with":[1,127,163],"limited":[2,128],"labelled":[3,27,129],"data,":[4],"such":[5,71],"as":[6],"prompting,":[7],"in-context":[8],"learning,":[9,14],"fine-tuning,":[10],"meta-learning,":[11],"or":[12],"few-shot":[13],"aims":[15],"to":[16,35,39,62,93,166,177],"effectively":[17],"train":[18],"a":[19,23,111],"model":[20],"using":[21],"only":[22],"small":[24],"amount":[25],"of":[26,42,58,86,100,114,120,125,173,181,195],"samples.":[28],"However,":[29],"these":[30],"approaches":[31],"have":[32],"been":[33],"observed":[34],"be":[36],"excessively":[37],"sensitive":[38],"the":[40,49,56,59,98,118,123,139,179],"effects":[41,119],"uncontrolled":[43],"randomness":[44,53,121,145],"caused":[45],"by":[46],"non-determinism":[47],"in":[48,65,138],"training":[50,68],"process.":[51],"The":[52,170],"negatively":[54],"affects":[55],"stability":[57,124],"models,":[60],"leading":[61],"large":[63],"variances":[64],"results":[66],"across":[67],"runs.":[69],"When":[70],"sensitivity":[72],"is":[73,103,176],"disregarded,":[74],"it":[75],"can":[76],"unintentionally,":[77],"but":[78],"unfortunately":[79],"also":[80],"intentionally,":[81],"create":[82],"an":[83,192],"imaginary":[84],"perception":[85],"research":[87,95,184],"progress.":[88],"Recently,":[89],"this":[90,107,174,182],"area":[91],"started":[92],"attract":[94],"attention":[96],"and":[97,155,159,197],"number":[99],"relevant":[101],"studies":[102],"continuously":[104],"growing.":[105],"In":[106],"survey,":[108],"we":[109,153],"provide":[110],"comprehensive":[112],"overview":[113],"415":[115],"papers":[116,140],"addressing":[117],"on":[122],"learning":[126],"data.":[130],"We":[131],"distinguish":[132],"between":[133],"four":[134],"main":[135],"tasks":[136],"addressed":[137],"(investigate/evaluate,":[141],"determine,":[142],"mitigate,":[143],"benchmark/compare/report":[144],"effects),":[146],"providing":[147],"findings":[148],"for":[149,201],"each":[150],"one.":[151],"Furthermore,":[152],"identify":[154],"discuss":[156],"seven":[157],"challenges":[158],"open":[160],"problems":[161],"together":[162],"possible":[164],"directions":[165,200],"facilitate":[167],"further":[168],"research.":[169,203],"ultimate":[171],"goal":[172],"survey":[175],"emphasise":[178],"importance":[180],"growing":[183],"area,":[185],"which":[186],"so":[187],"far":[188],"has":[189],"not":[190],"received":[191],"appropriate":[193],"level":[194],"attention,":[196],"reveal":[198],"impactful":[199],"future":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-14T07:06:38.338062","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
