{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402269101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690823","title":"Unleashing OpenTitan\u2019s Potential: a Silicon-Ready Embedded Secure Element for Root of Trust and Cryptographic Offloading","display_name":"Unleashing OpenTitan\u2019s Potential: a Silicon-Ready Embedded Secure Element for Root of Trust and Cryptographic Offloading","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402269101","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3690823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048259757","display_name":"Maicol Ciani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7861-9129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maicol Ciani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015497724","display_name":"Emanuele Parisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6607-7367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Parisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024336537","display_name":"Alberto Musa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1912-3801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022195134","display_name":"Francesco Barchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-6883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Barchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047906923","display_name":"Andrea Bartolini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-2450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Bartolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033576751","display_name":"Ari Kulmala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5755-7402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ari Kulmala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Innovation Institute","Technology Innovation Institute,  Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute,  Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045030310","display_name":"Rafail Psiakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087059","display_name":"Technology Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/001kv2y39","country_code":"AE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafail Psiakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technology Innovation Institute","Technology Innovation Institute,  Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technology Innovation Institute,  Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052915995","display_name":"Angelo Garofalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7495-6895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I335988729","display_name":"Universidad Iberoamericana","ror":"https://ror.org/004xzjm20","country_code":"DO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I335988729"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["DO","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Garofalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), UNIBO","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), UNIBO, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), UNIBO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I335988729"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), UNIBO, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031653904","display_name":"Andrea Acquaviva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Acquaviva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023905268","display_name":"Davide Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-5393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rossi Davide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy and Information (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048259757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0425,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8081957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6761554479598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/element","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","score":0.5491499900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5475914478302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.5191332697868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49174049496650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"Silicon","score":0.48641419410705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3795989155769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.34256941080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2140710949897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1621915102005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.15018552541732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08261162042617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07861936092376709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6761554479598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.5491499900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5475914478302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5191332697868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49174049496650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.48641419410705566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3795989155769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34256941080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2140710949897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1621915102005005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.15018552541732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08261162042617798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07861936092376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3690823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1025793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1025793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106326551","https://openalex.org/W2541674155","https://openalex.org/W2569698171","https://openalex.org/W2585140699","https://openalex.org/W2770020066","https://openalex.org/W2913096406","https://openalex.org/W2913409370","https://openalex.org/W2936567838","https://openalex.org/W2963063929","https://openalex.org/W2963255460","https://openalex.org/W2969082185","https://openalex.org/W3004928495","https://openalex.org/W3021475380","https://openalex.org/W3085910988","https://openalex.org/W3092178178","https://openalex.org/W3102610432","https://openalex.org/W3103568134","https://openalex.org/W3113852572","https://openalex.org/W3145536977","https://openalex.org/W3158904099","https://openalex.org/W3173775543","https://openalex.org/W3184362354","https://openalex.org/W3184807627","https://openalex.org/W3212841069","https://openalex.org/W4366549037","https://openalex.org/W4382050527","https://openalex.org/W4384947504","https://openalex.org/W4387064029","https://openalex.org/W4388958855","https://openalex.org/W4401568796"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384620691","https://openalex.org/W2380000090","https://openalex.org/W1502300621","https://openalex.org/W2069031782","https://openalex.org/W2374797863","https://openalex.org/W3011831393","https://openalex.org/W2518845051","https://openalex.org/W2349308527","https://openalex.org/W2370079875","https://openalex.org/W2362987730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73],"rapid":[1],"advancement":[2],"and":[3,21,42,61,64,130,136,151,170,250],"exploration":[4],"of":[5,97,101,113,119,182],"open-hardware":[6],"RISC-V":[7,34],"platforms":[8],"are":[9],"catalyzing":[10],"substantial":[11],"changes":[12],"across":[13,174],"critical":[14],"sectors,":[15],"including":[16],"autonomous":[17],"vehicles,":[18],"smart-city":[19],"infrastructure,":[20],"medical":[22],"devices.":[23],"Within":[24],"this":[25],"technological":[26],"evolution,":[27],"OpenTitan":[28,49,183],"emerges":[29],"as":[30,44,55],"a":[31,45,76,93,144,195,210],"groundbreaking":[32],"open-source":[33,99],"design,":[35],"renowned":[36],"for":[37,147,162,166,199,248,253],"its":[38],"comprehensive":[39,145],"security":[40],"toolkit":[41],"role":[43],"stand-alone":[46,77],"system-on-chip":[47],"(SoC).":[48],"encompasses":[50],"different":[51],"SoC":[52,78],"implementations":[53],"such":[54],"Earl":[56,157,206,259],"Grey,":[57],"1":[58],"fully":[59,71],"implemented":[60],"silicon":[62],"proven,":[63],"Darjeeling,":[65],"2":[66],"announced":[67],"but":[68],"not":[69],"yet":[70],"implemented.":[72],"former":[74],"targets":[75],"implementation;":[79],"the":[80,89,104,110,117,156,175,180,200,204,221,226,230],"latter":[81],"is":[82],"oriented":[83],"towards":[84],"an":[85,98],"integrable":[86],"implementation.":[87],"Therefore,":[88],"literature":[90],"currently":[91],"lacks":[92],"silicon-ready":[94],"embedded":[95],"implementation":[96,112],"Root":[100],"Trust":[102],"despite":[103],"effort":[105],"made":[106],"by":[107,229],"lowRISC":[108],"on":[109,123],"Darjeeling":[111],"OpenTitan.":[114],"We":[115,202],"address":[116],"limitations":[118],"existing":[120],"implementations,":[121],"focusing":[122],"optimizing":[124],"data":[125,172],"transfer":[126],"latency":[127,227],"between":[128],"memory":[129,232],"cryptographic":[131,239],"accelerators":[132,255],"to":[133,244],"prevent":[134],"under-utilization":[135],"ensure":[137],"efficient":[138],"task":[139],"acceleration.":[140],"Our":[141],"contributions":[142],"include":[143],"methodology":[146],"integrating":[148],"custom":[149],"extensions":[150],"intellectual":[152],"properties":[153],"(IPs)":[154],"into":[155,209],"Grey":[158,207,260],"architecture,":[159],"architectural":[160],"enhancements":[161],"system-level":[163],"integration,":[164],"support":[165],"varied":[167],"boot":[168],"modes,":[169],"improved":[171],"movement":[173],"platform.":[176],"These":[177],"advancements":[178],"facilitate":[179],"deployment":[181],"in":[184,188,213,238],"broader":[185],"SoCs,":[186],"even":[187],"scenarios":[189],"lacking":[190],"specific":[191],"technology-dependent":[192],"IPs,":[193],"providing":[194],"deployment-ready":[196],"research":[197],"vehicle":[198],"community.":[201],"integrated":[203],"extended":[205],"architecture":[208,212],"reference":[211],"22-nm":[214],"FDX":[215],"technology":[216],"node.":[217],"Then,":[218],"we":[219],"benchmarked":[220],"enhanced":[222],"architecture\u2019s":[223],"performance,":[224],"analyzing":[225],"introduced":[228],"external":[231],"hierarchic":[233],"levels,":[234],"presenting":[235],"significant":[236],"improvements":[237],"processing":[240],"speed,":[241],"achieving":[242],"up":[243],"2.7":[245],"x":[246,252],"speedup":[247],"SHA-256/HMAC":[249],"1.6":[251],"AES":[254],"compared":[256],"with":[257],"baseline":[258],"architecture.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
