{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406122791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690624.3709383","title":"LDMapNet-U: An End-to-End System for City-Scale Lane-Level Map Updating","display_name":"LDMapNet-U: An End-to-End System for City-Scale Lane-Level Map Updating","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406122791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690624.3709383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3690624.3709383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690624.3709383","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.02763","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076144487","display_name":"Deguo Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-2230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deguo Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China & Baidu, Beijing, China","Beijing, China","Beijing ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China & Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weiming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2609-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China","Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","Beijing ,","Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077383364","display_name":"Xiyan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0102-9636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China","Beijing, China","Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","Beijing ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100703372","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3900-1222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China","Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","Beijing, China","Beijing ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073200497","display_name":"Chenting Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4445-9361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenting Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China","Beijing ,","Beijing, China","Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001865165","display_name":"Xiao Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9162-8570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005312000","display_name":"Jizhou Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1022-0309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jizhou Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China","Beijing, China","Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","Beijing ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University Beijing, China Baidu Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014512074","display_name":"Mengmeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-6437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengmeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility & State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing, China","Beijing ,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility & State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100735948","display_name":"Diange Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0074-2448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diange Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility & State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Beijing ,","Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility & State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing ,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076144487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0645,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71412438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2693","last_page":"2702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.8641838431358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-end","display_name":"Dead end","score":0.6043583154678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5915006399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5649474263191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21808123588562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21318966150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16370978951454163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1492440104484558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.8641838431358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986709869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q398589","display_name":"Dead end","level":3,"score":0.6043583154678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5915006399154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5649474263191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21808123588562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21318966150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16370978951454163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1492440104484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3690624.3709383","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3690624.3709383","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.02763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.02763","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.02763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2501.02763","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.02763","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.02763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G326568612","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z241100003524009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325902","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7213601597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8125685149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G820845895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G951889214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52472449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325902","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406122791.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406122791.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2948515602","https://openalex.org/W2968711923","https://openalex.org/W2980955661","https://openalex.org/W3014641072","https://openalex.org/W3080344546","https://openalex.org/W3102343027","https://openalex.org/W3131220023","https://openalex.org/W3132080820","https://openalex.org/W3172656902","https://openalex.org/W3179351458","https://openalex.org/W4214530037","https://openalex.org/W4226244192","https://openalex.org/W4290945270","https://openalex.org/W4292122507","https://openalex.org/W4306316987","https://openalex.org/W4306317274","https://openalex.org/W4312894406","https://openalex.org/W4319300075","https://openalex.org/W4385366267","https://openalex.org/W4386071987","https://openalex.org/W4386634496","https://openalex.org/W4390871799","https://openalex.org/W4396542189","https://openalex.org/W4399911648","https://openalex.org/W4401856724","https://openalex.org/W4401863429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151749779","https://openalex.org/W3179968364","https://openalex.org/W3016188207","https://openalex.org/W4400488565","https://openalex.org/W2218833963","https://openalex.org/W2964709658","https://openalex.org/W4240479622","https://openalex.org/W4246369259","https://openalex.org/W1914800454","https://openalex.org/W4237894622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"up-to-date":[1],"city-scale":[2,102,251],"lane-level":[3,103,222,246,252,262],"map":[4,33,104,114,120,128,184,223,253],"is":[5,146],"an":[6,112],"indispensable":[7],"infrastructure":[8],"and":[9,18,45,67,84,135,187,194,229,243],"a":[10,36,60,97,124,141,155,164],"key":[11],"enabling":[12],"technology":[13],"for":[14,32,101,158,225],"ensuring":[15],"the":[16,108,192,232,241,258,261,275],"safety":[17],"user":[19],"experience":[20],"of":[21,196,245,260,267,269,279],"autonomous":[22,276],"driving":[23,277],"systems.":[24],"In":[25,206],"industrial":[26],"scenarios,":[27],"reliance":[28],"on":[29],"manual":[30,73],"annotation":[31],"updates":[34,40],"creates":[35],"critical":[37,156],"bottleneck.":[38],"Lane-level":[39],"require":[41],"precise":[42],"change":[43,65,136,188],"information":[44],"must":[46],"ensure":[47],"consistency":[48],"with":[49,176],"adjacent":[50],"data":[51],"while":[52,271],"adhering":[53],"to":[54,76,148,173,237],"strict":[55],"standards.":[56],"Traditional":[57],"methods":[58],"utilize":[59],"three-stage":[61],"approach":[62],"--":[63,69],"construction,":[64],"detection,":[66],"updating":[68,129,224],"which":[70,95],"often":[71],"necessitates":[72],"verification":[74],"due":[75],"accuracy":[77,244],"limitations.":[78],"This":[79],"results":[80],"in":[81,118,127,213,257],"labor-intensive":[82],"processes":[83],"hampers":[85],"timely":[86],"updates.":[87],"To":[88,138,190],"address":[89],"these":[90],"challenges,":[91],"we":[92,122,162],"propose":[93],"LDMapNet-U,":[94,197],"implements":[96],"new":[98],"end-to-end":[99,113],"paradigm":[100,125],"updating.":[105],"By":[106],"reconceptualizing":[107],"update":[109,233],"task":[110],"as":[111,154],"generation":[115,186],"process":[116],"grounded":[117],"historical":[119,151,177],"data,":[121],"introduce":[123],"shift":[126],"that":[130,171],"simultaneously":[131,181],"generates":[132],"vectorized":[133,183],"maps":[134],"information.":[137],"achieve":[139],"this,":[140],"Prior-Map":[142],"Encoding":[143],"(PME)":[144],"module":[145,170],"introduced":[147],"effectively":[149],"encode":[150],"maps,":[152],"serving":[153,265],"reference":[157],"detecting":[159],"changes.":[160],"Additionally,":[161],"incorporate":[163],"novel":[165],"Instance":[166],"Change":[167],"Prediction":[168],"(ICP)":[169],"learns":[172],"predict":[174],"associations":[175],"maps.":[178],"Consequently,":[179],"LDMapNet-U":[180,208],"achieves":[182],"element":[185],"detection.":[189],"demonstrate":[191],"superiority":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"extensive":[198],"experiments":[199],"are":[200],"conducted":[201],"using":[202],"large-scale":[203],"real-world":[204],"datasets.":[205],"addition,":[207],"has":[209,254],"been":[210,255],"successfully":[211],"deployed":[212],"production":[214],"at":[215],"Baidu":[216],"Maps":[217],"since":[218],"April":[219],"2024,":[220],"supporting":[221],"over":[226],"360":[227],"cities":[228],"significantly":[230],"shortening":[231],"cycle":[234],"from":[235],"quarterly":[236],"weekly,":[238],"thereby":[239],"enhancing":[240],"timeliness":[242],"map.":[247],"The":[248],"nationwide,":[249],"high-frequency":[250],"instrumental":[256],"development":[259],"navigation":[263],"product":[264],"hundreds":[266],"millions":[268],"users,":[270],"also":[272],"integrating":[273],"into":[274],"systems":[278],"several":[280],"leading":[281],"vehicle":[282],"companies.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}