{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404515307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689945.3694806","title":"vFHE: Verifiable Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"vFHE: Verifiable Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404515307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689945.3694806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689945.3694806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689945.3694806","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Encrypted Computing &amp; Applied Homomorphic Cryptography","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/242759","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088430657","display_name":"Christian Knabenhans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-7295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Knabenhans","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-7295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053856479","display_name":"Alexander Viand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5452-1432"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Viand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Labs, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5452-1432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114708725","display_name":"Antonio Merino-Gallardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3766-2476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Merino-Gallardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3766-2476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039686586","display_name":"Anwar Hithnawi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Hithnawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5603-1031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94062996,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"11","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.898192286491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.8005731105804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7522938251495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-secret-sharing","display_name":"Homomorphic secret sharing","score":0.5162627696990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5046039819717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4666248559951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3213863968849182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1834924817085266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.898192286491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.8005731105804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7522938251495361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132161212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891458","display_name":"Homomorphic secret sharing","level":4,"score":0.5162627696990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5046039819717407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4666248559951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3213863968849182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1834924817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689945.3694806","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689945.3694806","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Encrypted Computing &amp; Applied Homomorphic Cryptography","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:20.500.14299/242759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/242759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:20.500.14299/242759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/242759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323817","display_name":"Universitas Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973801321","https://openalex.org/W2007466965","https://openalex.org/W2073210531","https://openalex.org/W2101687784","https://openalex.org/W2889629344","https://openalex.org/W2892839247","https://openalex.org/W2897368304","https://openalex.org/W2903850320","https://openalex.org/W3015806656","https://openalex.org/W3042070249","https://openalex.org/W3155680838","https://openalex.org/W3158960496","https://openalex.org/W3180257170","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W4220735296","https://openalex.org/W4223529204","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4308219437","https://openalex.org/W4385412355","https://openalex.org/W4388857288","https://openalex.org/W4404515307","https://openalex.org/W4405182766","https://openalex.org/W6600390301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4316659877","https://openalex.org/W2255318804","https://openalex.org/W1557783852","https://openalex.org/W2363629235","https://openalex.org/W2034979624","https://openalex.org/W2607647996","https://openalex.org/W2356937512","https://openalex.org/W3035389378","https://openalex.org/W2391956792","https://openalex.org/W2111019861"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"is":[4,35,75],"a":[5,45,150],"powerful":[6],"building":[7],"block":[8],"for":[9,52,83,96,103],"secure":[10],"and":[11,30,54,62,79,100,112,133,140],"private":[12],"applications.":[13,157],"However,":[14],"state-of-the-art":[15],"FHE":[16,34,66,121,138,154],"schemes":[17],"do":[18],"not":[19],"offer":[20],"any":[21],"integrity":[22,50,81,124],"guarantees,":[23],"which":[24,114],"can":[25],"lead":[26],"to":[27,117,131,137],"devastating":[28],"correctness":[29],"security":[31],"issues":[32],"when":[33],"deployed":[36],"in":[37,146,155],"non-trivial":[38],"settings.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,73,93,127],"take":[44],"critical":[46],"look":[47],"at":[48],"existing":[49,120],"solutions":[51],"FHE,":[53],"analyze":[55],"their":[56],"(often":[57],"implicit)":[58],"threat":[59],"models,":[60],"efficiency,":[61],"adequacy":[63],"with":[64,123],"real-world":[65,156],"deployments.":[67],"We":[68,105],"explore":[69],"challenges":[70],"of":[71,90,149,153],"what":[72],"believe":[74],"the":[76,147],"most":[77],"flexible":[78],"promising":[80],"solution":[82],"FHE:":[84],"namely,":[85],"zero-knowledge":[86],"Succinct":[87],"Non-interactive":[88],"ARguments":[89],"Knowledge":[91],"(zkSNARKs);":[92],"showcase":[94],"optimizations":[95],"both":[97],"general-purpose":[98],"zkSNARKs":[99,101],"designed":[102],"FHE.":[104],"then":[106],"present":[107],"two":[108],"software":[109],"frameworks,":[110],"circomlib-FHE":[111],"zkOpenFHE,":[113],"allow":[115],"practitioners":[116],"automatically":[118],"augment":[119],"pipelines":[122],"guarantees.":[125],"Finally,":[126],"leverage":[128],"our":[129],"tools":[130],"evaluate":[132],"compare":[134],"different":[135],"approaches":[136],"integrity,":[139],"discuss":[141],"open":[142],"problems":[143],"that":[144],"stand":[145],"way":[148],"widespread":[151],"deployment":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
