{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404612321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689932.3694758","title":"Semantic Stealth: Crafting Covert Adversarial Patches for Sentiment Classifiers Using Large Language Models","display_name":"Semantic Stealth: Crafting Covert Adversarial Patches for Sentiment Classifiers Using Large Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404612321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689932.3694758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689932.3694758","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689932.3694758","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689932.3694758","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092834933","display_name":"Camila Roa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8769-1245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802706902","display_name":"Knoxville College","ror":"https://ror.org/02bxrp522","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Camila Roa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063640628","display_name":"Maria Mahbub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-9650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Mahbub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055558439","display_name":"Sanjay Srinivasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1222-7512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudarshan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014317244","display_name":"Edmon Begoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2173-3663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmon Begoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088544434","display_name":"Amir Sadovnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9011-7365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Sadovnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092834933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802706902","https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18974502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"42","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7705523371696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7552453279495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7285838723182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6195504069328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5253402590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.45308956503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.44537994265556335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.12123918533325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11891654133796692}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7705523371696472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7552453279495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7285838723182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6195504069328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5253402590751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.45308956503868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44537994265556335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.12123918533325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11891654133796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689932.3694758","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689932.3694758","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2480040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2480040","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2480040","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689932.3694758","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689932.3694758","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099813784","https://openalex.org/W2163455955","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2767899794","https://openalex.org/W2932026309","https://openalex.org/W2950734153","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963823140","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W3010867827","https://openalex.org/W3044324512","https://openalex.org/W3125713917","https://openalex.org/W3210339471","https://openalex.org/W3211999566","https://openalex.org/W4221145875","https://openalex.org/W4224275991","https://openalex.org/W4225858632","https://openalex.org/W4288021447","https://openalex.org/W4293580221","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4294410794","https://openalex.org/W4294517337","https://openalex.org/W4297814571","https://openalex.org/W4384920109","https://openalex.org/W4385374425","https://openalex.org/W4386436506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4310988119","https://openalex.org/W4285226279"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"models":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"shown":[5],"to":[6,9,15,21,27,37,49,55,58,87,109,117,135,161,189],"be":[7,133],"vulnerable":[8],"adversarial":[10,28,70,119,191],"attacks,":[11],"in":[12,30,94,124],"which":[13],"perturbations":[14],"their":[16],"inputs":[17],"cause":[18],"the":[19,59,95,126,137,162,174,196,204],"model":[20,201],"produce":[22,69],"incorrect":[23],"predictions.":[24],"As":[25],"opposed":[26],"attacks":[29,52,67],"computer":[31],"vision,":[32],"where":[33],"small":[34],"changes":[35],"introduced":[36],"pixel":[38],"values":[39],"can":[40,132],"drastically":[41],"alter":[42,136],"a":[43,104,140,145,169,199],"model's":[44,164],"output":[45],"while":[46],"remaining":[47],"imperceptible":[48],"humans,":[50],"text-based":[51],"are":[53],"difficult":[54],"conceal":[56],"due":[57],"discrete":[60],"nature":[61],"of":[62,139,176,194,198],"tokens.":[63],"Consequently,":[64],"unconstrained":[65],"gradient-based":[66,92],"often":[68],"examples":[71],"that":[72,89,102,121],"lack":[73],"semantic":[74],"meaning,":[75],"rendering":[76],"them":[77],"detectable":[78],"through":[79],"visual":[80],"inspection":[81],"or":[82],"perplexity":[83],"filters.":[84],"In":[85],"contrast":[86],"methods":[88],"rely":[90,153],"on":[91,154,203],"optimization":[93],"embedding":[96],"space,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"an":[100],"approach":[101,150,178],"leverages":[103],"Large":[105],"Language":[106],"Model's":[107],"ability":[108],"generate":[110,190],"grammatically":[111],"correct":[112],"and":[113,187],"semantically":[114],"meaningful":[115],"text":[116,146],"craft":[118],"patches":[120,131,192],"seamlessly":[122],"blend":[123],"with":[125],"original":[127],"input":[128],"text.":[129],"These":[130],"used":[134],"behavior":[138],"target":[141,163],"model,":[142],"such":[143],"as":[144],"classifier.":[147],"Since":[148],"our":[149,177],"does":[151],"not":[152],"gradient":[155],"backpropagation,":[156],"it":[157,168],"only":[158],"requires":[159],"access":[160],"confidence":[165],"scores,":[166],"making":[167],"grey-box":[170],"attack.":[171],"We":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"feasibility":[175],"using":[179],"open-source":[180],"LLMs,":[181],"including":[182],"Intel's":[183],"Neural":[184],"Chat,":[185],"Llama2,":[186],"Mistral-Instruct,":[188],"capable":[193],"altering":[195],"predictions":[197],"distilBERT":[200],"fine-tuned":[202],"IMDB":[205],"reviews":[206],"dataset":[207],"for":[208],"sentiment":[209],"classification.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
