{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401726396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689431","title":"Blockchain Takeovers in Web 3.0: An Empirical Study on the TRON-Steem Incident","display_name":"Blockchain Takeovers in Web 3.0: An Empirical Study on the TRON-Steem Incident","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401726396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689431","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689431","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749967","display_name":"Chao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-6899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4561-6899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785871","display_name":"Runhua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runhua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103337534","display_name":"Balaji Palanisamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-0913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balaji Palanisamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-0913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019931070","display_name":"Li Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047030842","display_name":"Meng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-0972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070828650","display_name":"Jiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-4327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiqiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-4327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777576","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-1589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5974-1589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94413974,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.8578466176986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6889016628265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6612353324890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.5284960865974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4654812216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4544324278831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.4518702030181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3604070544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.28253263235092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.11791828274726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.0917539894580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09067842364311218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.8578466176986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6889016628265381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6612353324890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5284960865974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4654812216758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4544324278831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4518702030181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3604070544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28253263235092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11791828274726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0917539894580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09067842364311218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689431","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3689431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3689431","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3689431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3361315292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202038, 62272031, 62302022, U21A20463 and U22B2027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5168696447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#2020071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G66235543","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230484257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7960374069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2703800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401726396.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014524200","https://openalex.org/W2077779737","https://openalex.org/W2105458684","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2888359245","https://openalex.org/W2947199323","https://openalex.org/W2963824904","https://openalex.org/W2965158827","https://openalex.org/W2971052312","https://openalex.org/W2982117380","https://openalex.org/W3006439908","https://openalex.org/W3022662270","https://openalex.org/W3047886495","https://openalex.org/W3084119526","https://openalex.org/W3089443464","https://openalex.org/W3102044577","https://openalex.org/W3116529252","https://openalex.org/W3126601764","https://openalex.org/W3134263717","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W3153022766","https://openalex.org/W3170841198","https://openalex.org/W3193612646","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4281381789","https://openalex.org/W4281388447","https://openalex.org/W4283460629","https://openalex.org/W4287888697","https://openalex.org/W4312646739","https://openalex.org/W4313071070","https://openalex.org/W4321021837","https://openalex.org/W4324116456","https://openalex.org/W4378373660","https://openalex.org/W4380357120","https://openalex.org/W4383220748","https://openalex.org/W4383988823","https://openalex.org/W4383988867","https://openalex.org/W4384009623","https://openalex.org/W4384026613","https://openalex.org/W4384345686","https://openalex.org/W4386488188","https://openalex.org/W4386631274","https://openalex.org/W4388857879","https://openalex.org/W4394717809","https://openalex.org/W4405183504","https://openalex.org/W6686086662","https://openalex.org/W6793882811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186336397","https://openalex.org/W2481378325","https://openalex.org/W2330351317","https://openalex.org/W3140943723","https://openalex.org/W3125369811","https://openalex.org/W2010376978","https://openalex.org/W1701640499","https://openalex.org/W1512425042","https://openalex.org/W2347300234","https://openalex.org/W1813865132"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"fundamental":[1],"goal":[2],"of":[3,50,60,71,103,127,146,184,196],"Web":[4,104,147,175,197],"3.0":[5,148,176,198],"is":[6],"to":[7,18,38,99,111,142,180,192],"establish":[8],"a":[9,35,46,57],"decentralized":[10,185],"network":[11,96,171],"and":[12,63,85,115,135,187],"application":[13],"ecosystem,":[14],"thereby":[15],"enabling":[16],"users":[17],"retain":[19],"control":[20],"over":[21],"their":[22],"data":[23],"while":[24],"promoting":[25],"value":[26],"exchange.":[27],"However,":[28],"the":[29,51,61,67,72,79,87,91,100,124,132,143,154,158,166,174,182,194],"recent":[30],"TRON-Steem":[31,52,133],"takeover":[32,53,88,128],"incident":[33,134],"poses":[34],"significant":[36],"threat":[37,93],"this":[39,42,162],"vision.":[40],"In":[41],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,77,122],"present":[45],"thorough":[47],"empirical":[48],"analysis":[49],"incident.":[54],"By":[55],"conducting":[56,116],"fine-grained":[58],"reconstruction":[59],"stake":[62],"election":[64],"snapshots":[65],"within":[66],"Steem":[68],"blockchain,":[69],"one":[70],"most":[73],"prominent":[74],"social-oriented":[75],"blockchains,":[76],"quantify":[78],"marked":[80],"shifts":[81],"in":[82,131,153,173],"decentralization":[83,101],"pre":[84],"post":[86],"incident,":[89],"highlighting":[90],"severe":[92],"that":[94],"blockchain":[95,170],"takeovers":[97,172],"pose":[98],"principle":[102],"3.0.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"by":[107,169],"employing":[108],"heuristic":[109],"methods":[110],"identify":[112],"anomalous":[113],"voters":[114],"clustering":[117],"analyses":[118],"on":[119],"voter":[120],"behaviors,":[121],"unveil":[123],"underlying":[125],"mechanics":[126],"strategies":[129],"employed":[130],"suggest":[136,178],"potential":[137],"mitigation":[138],"strategies,":[139],"which":[140],"contribute":[141],"enhanced":[144],"resistance":[145],"networks":[149],"against":[150],"similar":[151],"threats":[152],"future.":[155],"We":[156],"believe":[157],"insights":[159],"gleaned":[160],"from":[161],"research":[163],"help":[164],"illuminate":[165],"challenges":[167],"imposed":[168],"era,":[177],"ways":[179],"foster":[181],"development":[183],"technologies":[186],"governance,":[188],"as":[189,191],"well":[190],"enhance":[193],"protection":[195],"user":[199],"rights.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
