{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401847340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3688833","title":"MalSensor: Fast and Robust Windows Malware Classification","display_name":"MalSensor: Fast and Robust Windows Malware Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401847340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3688833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3688833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3688833","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3688833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3688833","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101883736","display_name":"Haojun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-9528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haojun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-9528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056381213","display_name":"Yueming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-3558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074676946","display_name":"Deqing Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-5048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deqing Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-5048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262922","display_name":"Hai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4878751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8737224340438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8370130062103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7236799597740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/call-graph","display_name":"Call graph","score":0.6180292367935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.6082975268363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5687524080276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.515640139579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4912042021751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4866564869880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-call","display_name":"System call","score":0.447932630777359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4373219609260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.43550994992256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4293067157268524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4229549765586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.1817026138305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1529080867767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10798054933547974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8737224340438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8370130062103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7236799597740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102379954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2589940","display_name":"Call graph","level":2,"score":0.6180292367935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.6082975268363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5687524080276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.515640139579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4912042021751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4866564869880676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778579508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722192","display_name":"System call","level":2,"score":0.447932630777359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4373219609260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.43550994992256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4293067157268524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4229549765586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.1817026138305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1529080867767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10798054933547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3688833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3688833","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3688833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3688833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3688833","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3688833","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5762890969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401847340.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553801604","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W1978569633","https://openalex.org/W2026417691","https://openalex.org/W2056944867","https://openalex.org/W2084147867","https://openalex.org/W2101599977","https://openalex.org/W2130476447","https://openalex.org/W2132874238","https://openalex.org/W2145349611","https://openalex.org/W2157635833","https://openalex.org/W2183705191","https://openalex.org/W2267635142","https://openalex.org/W2397211345","https://openalex.org/W2514847810","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2783348159","https://openalex.org/W2788919350","https://openalex.org/W2795033129","https://openalex.org/W2800695847","https://openalex.org/W2801888526","https://openalex.org/W2887324343","https://openalex.org/W2889100747","https://openalex.org/W2905130735","https://openalex.org/W2964242288","https://openalex.org/W2969904462","https://openalex.org/W2971299916","https://openalex.org/W2981292756","https://openalex.org/W2996806689","https://openalex.org/W3006334803","https://openalex.org/W3008497156","https://openalex.org/W3014356165","https://openalex.org/W3018991871","https://openalex.org/W3027831346","https://openalex.org/W3045684292","https://openalex.org/W3112173953","https://openalex.org/W3117885448","https://openalex.org/W3162825625","https://openalex.org/W3174130612","https://openalex.org/W3194586437","https://openalex.org/W3208507830","https://openalex.org/W4362470424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354385412","https://openalex.org/W2052026825","https://openalex.org/W1977330409","https://openalex.org/W4200453963","https://openalex.org/W2765174411","https://openalex.org/W4386500498","https://openalex.org/W2054093027","https://openalex.org/W3006140559","https://openalex.org/W1971139551","https://openalex.org/W2743799202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1],"the":[2,5,33,51,58,113,124],"substantial":[3],"profits,":[4],"evolution":[6],"of":[7,35,53,112,134,166],"Portable":[8],"Executable":[9],"(PE)":[10],"malware":[11,17,77,155],"has":[12,19],"posed":[13],"persistent":[14],"threats.":[15],"PE":[16,76,154],"classification":[18,27,40,78,156],"been":[20,30],"an":[21],"important":[22],"research":[23],"field,":[24],"and":[25,62,73,89,102,147],"numerous":[26],"methods":[28,41,48],"have":[29],"proposed.":[31],"With":[32],"development":[34],"machine":[36,135],"learning,":[37],"learning-based":[38],"static":[39,153],"achieve":[42],"excellent":[43],"performance.":[44],"However,":[45],"most":[46],"existing":[47,187],"cannot":[49],"meet":[50],"requirements":[52],"industrial":[54],"applications":[55],"due":[56],"to":[57,98,178],"limited":[59],"resource":[60],"consumption":[61],"concept":[63],"drift.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"article,":[67],"we":[68,94,108,130],"propose":[69],"a":[70,100,132,142,168,183],"fast,":[71],"high-accuracy,":[72],"robust":[74],"FCG-based":[75],"method.":[79],"We":[80,140],"first":[81],"extract":[82],"precise":[83],"function":[84,96,104,114,126],"call":[85,105,115,127],"relationships":[86],"through":[87],"code":[88],"data":[90],"cross-referencing":[91],"analysis.":[92],"Then":[93],"normalize":[95],"names":[97],"construct":[99],"concise":[101],"accurate":[103],"graph.":[106],"Furthermore,":[107],"perform":[109],"topological":[110],"analysis":[111,120],"graph":[116],"using":[117],"social":[118],"network":[119],"techniques,":[121],"thereby":[122],"enhancing":[123],"program":[125],"features.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"use":[131],"series":[133],"learning":[136],"algorithms":[137],"for":[138],"classification.":[139],"implement":[141],"prototype":[143],"system":[144],"named":[145],"MalSensor":[146,163],"compare":[148],"it":[149],"with":[150,176],"nine":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"methods.":[157,188],"The":[158],"experimental":[159],"results":[160],"show":[161],"that":[162],"is":[164],"capable":[165],"classifying":[167],"malicious":[169],"file":[170],"in":[171],"0.7":[172],"seconds":[173],"on":[174],"average":[175],"up":[177],"98.35%":[179],"accuracy,":[180],"which":[181],"represents":[182],"significant":[184],"advantage":[185],"over":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
