{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404526636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3687897","title":"DirectL: Efficient Radiance Fields Rendering for 3D Light Field Displays","display_name":"DirectL: Efficient Radiance Fields Rendering for 3D Light Field Displays","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404526636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3687897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3687897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3687897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042001773","display_name":"Zongyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-1875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zongyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-1875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100610474","display_name":"Baolin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1313-7486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baolin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1313-7486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110422419","display_name":"Yingde Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3776-237X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingde Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3776-237X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047788803","display_name":"Lan Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6606-1917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6606-1917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093130601","display_name":"Yongping Xiong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongping Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-204X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066216293","display_name":"Zhaohe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1717-953X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1717-953X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103064228","display_name":"Xunbo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5096-238X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xunbo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5096-238X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042001773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4056,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98073691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiance","display_name":"Radiance","score":0.8700652718544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.757597029209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-field","display_name":"Light field","score":0.7342155575752258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.6755967736244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5871099233627319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39176425337791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.35906562209129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32057449221611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2043079137802124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23690007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411145","display_name":"Radiance","level":2,"score":0.8700652718544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.757597029209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48983235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593161","display_name":"Light field","level":2,"score":0.7342155575752258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.6755967736244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5871099233627319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39176425337791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35906562209129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32057449221611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2043079137802124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3687897","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3687897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130215770","https://openalex.org/W1977870880","https://openalex.org/W1980770706","https://openalex.org/W2011119863","https://openalex.org/W2016215470","https://openalex.org/W2018938123","https://openalex.org/W2046321681","https://openalex.org/W2089993514","https://openalex.org/W2101746450","https://openalex.org/W2108691103","https://openalex.org/W2111059158","https://openalex.org/W2122572959","https://openalex.org/W2155352625","https://openalex.org/W2157968791","https://openalex.org/W2178629455","https://openalex.org/W2188535464","https://openalex.org/W2232881944","https://openalex.org/W2469939903","https://openalex.org/W2551052086","https://openalex.org/W2606205343","https://openalex.org/W2738383649","https://openalex.org/W2753630964","https://openalex.org/W2765137374","https://openalex.org/W2770388370","https://openalex.org/W2770739854","https://openalex.org/W3094900116","https://openalex.org/W3099383555","https://openalex.org/W3213433499","https://openalex.org/W3214931539","https://openalex.org/W3215769467","https://openalex.org/W3216616977","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4214564891","https://openalex.org/W4232452729","https://openalex.org/W4306181930","https://openalex.org/W4310380119","https://openalex.org/W4312234520","https://openalex.org/W4312325284","https://openalex.org/W4312807829","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4376647860","https://openalex.org/W4385275865","https://openalex.org/W4385289063","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4385483498","https://openalex.org/W4385490091","https://openalex.org/W4385527621","https://openalex.org/W4386066359","https://openalex.org/W4386071610","https://openalex.org/W4386076412","https://openalex.org/W4386076557","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4396853074","https://openalex.org/W4397028793","https://openalex.org/W4400820783","https://openalex.org/W6600751047","https://openalex.org/W6609871788","https://openalex.org/W7039670397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157702764","https://openalex.org/W2508448752","https://openalex.org/W291250033","https://openalex.org/W2035757446","https://openalex.org/W3137044537","https://openalex.org/W2008385118","https://openalex.org/W880955280","https://openalex.org/W2106647072","https://openalex.org/W2172753644","https://openalex.org/W2170209930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autostereoscopic":[0],"display":[1],"technology,":[2],"despite":[3],"decades":[4],"of":[5,18,27,40,56,64,125,184],"development,":[6],"has":[7,35],"not":[8],"achieved":[9],"extensive":[10],"application,":[11],"primarily":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,74,128,146,212,216],"the":[15,38,54,62,122,135,139,149,157,179,217,244,249,260],"daunting":[16],"challenge":[17],"three-dimensional":[19],"(3D)":[20],"content":[21,47,77],"creation":[22,48],"for":[23,49,78,100,110,153,156,263],"non-specialists.":[24],"The":[25,71],"emergence":[26],"Radiance":[28,111,162,256],"Field":[29,58,253],"as":[30],"an":[31],"innovative":[32],"3D":[33,41,46,166],"representation":[34],"markedly":[36],"revolutionized":[37],"domains":[39],"reconstruction":[42],"and":[43,52,142,165,200,248,255],"generation,":[44],"simplifying":[45],"common":[50],"users":[51],"broadening":[53],"applicability":[55],"Light":[57,252],"Displays":[59,254],"(LFDs).":[60],"However,":[61],"combination":[63],"these":[65],"two":[66,158],"technologies":[67],"remains":[68],"largely":[69],"unexplored.":[70],"standard":[72,218],"paradigm":[73,109,219],"create":[75],"optimal":[76],"parallax-based":[79],"light":[80,136,180],"field":[81,181,234],"displays":[82,115,199],"demands":[83],"rendering":[84,108,174,189,209,225],"at":[85,92],"least":[86],"45":[87],"slightly":[88],"shifted":[89],"views":[90],"preferably":[91],"high":[93],"resolution":[94],"per":[95],"frame,":[96],"a":[97,106],"substantial":[98],"hurdle":[99],"real-time":[101],"rendering.":[102,154],"We":[103],"introduce":[104],"DirectL,":[105],"novel":[107],"Fields":[112,163],"on":[113,191],"autostereoscopic":[114,192,198],"with":[116],"lenticular":[117],"lens.":[118],"By":[119],"thoroughly":[120],"analyzing":[121],"interleaved":[123],"mapping":[124],"spatial":[126],"rays":[127,137],"screen":[129],"sub-pixels,":[130],"we":[131,170,237],"accurately":[132],"render":[133,178],"only":[134],"entering":[138],"human":[140],"eye":[141],"propose":[143,171],"subpixel":[144],"repurposing":[145],"significantly":[147],"reduce":[148],"pixel":[150],"count":[151],"required":[152],"Tailored":[155],"predominant":[159],"radiance":[160,233],"fields---Neural":[161],"(NeRFs)":[164],"Gaussian":[167],"Splatting":[168],"(3DGS),":[169],"corresponding":[172],"optimized":[173],"pipelines":[175],"that":[176,206],"directly":[177],"images":[182],"instead":[183],"multi-view":[185],"images,":[186],"achieving":[187],"state-of-the-art":[188],"speeds":[190],"displays.":[193],"Extensive":[194],"experiments":[195],"across":[196],"various":[197],"user":[201],"visual":[202,222,246],"perception":[203],"assessments":[204],"demonstrate":[205],"DirectL":[207,239,266],"accelerates":[208],"by":[210],"up":[211],"40":[213],"times":[214],"compared":[215],"without":[220],"sacrificing":[221],"quality.":[223],"Its":[224],"process-only":[226],"modification":[227],"allows":[228],"seamless":[229],"integration":[230],"into":[231,240],"subsequent":[232],"tasks.":[235],"Finally,":[236],"incorporate":[238],"diverse":[241],"applications,":[242],"showcasing":[243],"stunning":[245],"experiences":[247],"synergy":[250],"between":[251],"Fields,":[257],"which":[258],"reveals":[259],"immense":[261],"potential":[262],"application":[264],"prospects.":[265],"Project":[267],"Homepage:":[268],"direct-l.github.io":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}