{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401161067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686138.3686140","title":"Democratizing Direct-to-Cell Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks","display_name":"Democratizing Direct-to-Cell Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401161067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686138.3686140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3686138.3686140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686138.3686140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227886","display_name":"GetMobile Mobile Computing and Communications","issn_l":"2375-0529","issn":["2375-0529","2375-0537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399710","display_name":"Lixin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1043-4765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101497980","display_name":"Yuanjie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5931-3894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011803365","display_name":"Hewu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hewu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102686287","display_name":"Jiabo Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745753","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0815-8739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114221507","display_name":"Jingyi Lan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115695103","display_name":"Yufeng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414541","display_name":"Jiarui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-7172"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiarui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, Chile","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101470525","display_name":"Jianping Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-3848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031110393","display_name":"Qian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5487-055X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084663211","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-9704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061557215","display_name":"Zeqi Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-2738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeqi Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100399710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.1227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99050637,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"5","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7125813364982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5989856123924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.58591628074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5379166603088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47824302315711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4776557683944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stateful-firewall","display_name":"Stateful firewall","score":0.4718579947948456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38407933712005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14515262842178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.1383400857448578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11618036031723022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7125813364982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5989856123924255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.58591628074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5379166603088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47824302315711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4776557683944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.4718579947948456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38407933712005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14515262842178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.1383400857448578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11618036031723022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3686138.3686140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686138.3686140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227886","display_name":"GetMobile Mobile Computing and Communications","issn_l":"2375-0529","issn":["2375-0529","2375-0537"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4401161067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2583381754","https://openalex.org/W2144255176","https://openalex.org/W2222333653","https://openalex.org/W109977192","https://openalex.org/W1970797462","https://openalex.org/W2566747981","https://openalex.org/W4312120139","https://openalex.org/W2809541058","https://openalex.org/W2342453732","https://openalex.org/W2167609832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emergent":[1],"Direct-to-cell":[2],"Low":[3],"Earth":[4,28],"Orbit":[5],"(LEO)":[6],"satellites":[7,71,178,199],"promise":[8],"to":[9,20,66,112,120,138,155,167,179,196,226],"eliminate":[10],"cellular":[11,51,89,118],"coverage":[12,202],"dead":[13],"zones":[14],"by":[15,41],"enabling":[16],"direct":[17],"network":[18],"access":[19,143],"our":[21],"regular":[22],"phones":[23],"and":[24,32,53,60,82,186,190,194,203,213,222],"IoTs":[25],"everywhere":[26],"on":[27,144,188],"via":[29],"4G,":[30],"5G,":[31],"beyond.":[33],"However,":[34],"their":[35,129,177],"large-scale":[36],"deployment":[37,59],"can":[38,151],"be":[39],"impeded":[40],"scarce":[42],"orbital":[43],"slots":[44],"in":[45],"space,":[46],"a":[47,73],"lack":[48],"of":[49],"licensed":[50],"spectrums,":[52],"prohibitive":[54],"capital":[55],"costs":[56],"for":[57,77,140,200],"satellite":[58,78,98,122,142,147,150,173,211],"operation.":[61],"This":[62],"article":[63],"explores":[64],"how":[65],"enable":[67],"multi-tenant":[68],"direct-to-cell":[69],"LEO":[70,97],"as":[72,136],"cost-effective":[74],"win-win":[75],"solution":[76],"operators,":[79,81],"mobile":[80,126,164,181,192],"users.":[83],"We":[84],"demonstrate":[85],"that":[86],"the":[87,96,115,209,227],"state-of-the-art":[88],"networks'":[90],"stateful":[91],"hop-by-hop":[92,116],"session-based":[93,117],"architecture":[94],"restricts":[95],"multi-tenancy.":[99],"To":[100],"remove":[101],"this":[102,157,170],"technical":[103],"barrier,":[104],"we":[105],"propose":[106],"MOSAIC":[107,124],"[1],":[108],"an":[109],"alternative":[110],"scheme":[111],"shift":[113],"from":[114],"service":[119],"pay-as-you-go":[121],"self-service.":[123],"lets":[125,172],"operators":[127,174,182,193],"supply":[128],"users":[130,195],"with":[131,208],"one-time":[132],"digitally":[133],"signed":[134],"tokens":[135,154],"\"coins\"":[137],"pay":[139],"local":[141],"demand.":[145],"Any":[146],"operator's":[148],"authentic":[149],"accept":[152],"these":[153],"serve":[156],"user":[158],"without":[159],"pre-establishing":[160],"sessions":[161],"or":[162,183],"contacting":[163],"operators.":[165],"Akin":[166],"cloud":[168],"computing,":[169],"paradigm":[171],"flexibly":[175],"lease":[176],"more":[180],"higher":[184],"revenues":[185],"return":[187],"investment,":[189],"allows":[191],"enjoy":[197],"competitive":[198],"complementary":[201],"cost":[204],"optimizations.":[205],"Our":[206],"evaluations":[207],"real":[210],"data":[212],"commodity":[214],"3GPP":[215],"NTN":[216],"protocol":[217],"stack":[218],"validate":[219],"MOSAIC's":[220],"scalability":[221],"performance":[223],"advantages":[224],"compared":[225],"state-of-the-art.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}