{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416479373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723489","title":"EasySpiro: Assessing Lung Function via Arbitrary Exhalations on Commodity Earphones","display_name":"EasySpiro: Assessing Lung Function via Arbitrary Exhalations on Commodity Earphones","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416479373","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3680207.3723489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723489","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723489","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723489","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100607158","display_name":"Chi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7036-7148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7036-7148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040729728","display_name":"Wentao Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-4419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-4419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045798455","display_name":"Baichen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-2668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baichen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-2668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yizhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7530-9621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7530-9621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018366693","display_name":"Yanbin Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-4146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbin Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6044-4146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405949","display_name":"Jin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-0918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, Shen Zhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-0918","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shen Zhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100605652","display_name":"W\u011bi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-5546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129222","display_name":"Wuhan Union Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0371fqr87","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129222"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163933","display_name":"Union Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/055gkcy74","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163933"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wu Han, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3964-5546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wu Han, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129222","https://openalex.org/I4210163933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100553216","display_name":"Shifang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7025-4473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58200834","display_name":"Southern Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vjw4z39","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58200834"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shifang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial People?s Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guang Zhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7025-4473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial People?s Hospital and Southern Medical University, Guang Zhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58200834"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114378267","display_name":"Qian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9205-1881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9205-1881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"513","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.28859999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.28859999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.2687000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10322","display_name":"Respiratory Support and Mechanisms","score":0.11249999701976776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breathing","display_name":"Breathing","score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhalation","display_name":"Exhalation","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-function-testing","display_name":"Pulmonary function testing","score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-function","display_name":"Lung function","score":0.335099995136261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39300077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9530","display_name":"Breathing","level":2,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43396882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2197000","display_name":"Exhalation","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75603125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1877462","display_name":"Pulmonary function testing","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung function","level":3,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80478641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195771","display_name":"Sequential analysis","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3680207.3723489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723489","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723489","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-167319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-167319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3680207.3723489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723489","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723489","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416479373.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416479373.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036045207","https://openalex.org/W2057907879","https://openalex.org/W2059301889","https://openalex.org/W2105410012","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2125761526","https://openalex.org/W2126423656","https://openalex.org/W2129793335","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2219995598","https://openalex.org/W2244441374","https://openalex.org/W2516128983","https://openalex.org/W2517119194","https://openalex.org/W2602982928","https://openalex.org/W2724757864","https://openalex.org/W2898186212","https://openalex.org/W2948200503","https://openalex.org/W2964243274","https://openalex.org/W2981067716","https://openalex.org/W3040675612","https://openalex.org/W3089203488","https://openalex.org/W3089228032","https://openalex.org/W3090868787","https://openalex.org/W3107276252","https://openalex.org/W3114632476","https://openalex.org/W3130809619","https://openalex.org/W3158058158","https://openalex.org/W3186574823","https://openalex.org/W3211771663","https://openalex.org/W4205678932","https://openalex.org/W4221005863","https://openalex.org/W4283017238","https://openalex.org/W4296437444","https://openalex.org/W4319837309","https://openalex.org/W4366259375","https://openalex.org/W4366586238","https://openalex.org/W4380926366","https://openalex.org/W4385807444"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"pulmonary":[1,91,101],"function":[2],"tests":[3],"(PFTs)":[4],"are":[5,68,76],"important":[6],"but":[7],"costly.":[8],"Hence,":[9],"prior":[10],"research":[11],"has":[12],"proposed":[13],"IoT":[14],"sensor-based":[15],"solutions":[16,24],"to":[17,28,43,58,79,119,150,158,171,177,196,225],"facilitate":[18],"cost-efficient,":[19],"at-home":[20],"PFT.":[21,135],"However,":[22],"these":[23,132,165],"require":[25],"the":[26,52,99,105,121,138,142,160,222],"subject":[27],"perform":[29],"maximal":[30,72,123],"exhalations,":[31,73],"a":[32,116,184,188],"task":[33],"often":[34],"challenging":[35,64],"without":[36],"supervision,":[37],"compromising":[38],"test":[39],"accuracy.":[40],"In":[41,218],"response":[42],"this":[44,46,112],"challenge,":[45],"study":[47],"introduces":[48],"EasySpiro":[49],"that,":[50,87],"for":[51,71,134],"first":[53],"time,":[54],"uses":[55],"non-maximal":[56,210],"exhalations":[57,211],"measure":[59,172,178],"PFT":[60,66,206],"indicators.":[61],"This":[62],"is":[63],"since":[65,137],"indicators":[67,207],"only":[69],"defined":[70],"and":[74,130,175,186],"there":[75],"no":[77],"guidelines":[78],"derive":[80],"them":[81],"from":[82,190],"submaximal":[83,128],"exhalations.":[84],"To":[85],"address":[86],"we":[88,114,145,220],"observe":[89],"that":[90],"deficiencies":[92],"affect":[93],"all":[94],"types":[95],"of":[96,205,216],"breathing,":[97],"where":[98],"underlying":[100],"deficiency":[102],"should":[103],"be":[104],"same":[106],"under":[107],"different":[108],"breathing":[109,124,155,173],"efforts.":[110],"Leveraging":[111],"insight,":[113],"design":[115],"reconstruction":[117,161],"model":[118],"predict":[120],"ideal":[122],"patterns":[125,174],"based":[126,208],"on":[127,209],"ones":[129],"utilize":[131],"reconstructions":[133],"Furthermore,":[136],"body":[139,152,179],"dynamics":[140,153],"reflect":[141],"exhalation":[143],"effort,":[144],"use":[146],"self-supervised":[147],"learning":[148],"techniques":[149],"encode":[151],"into":[154,167],"effort":[156],"representations":[157],"guide":[159],"process.":[162],"We":[163,181],"integrate":[164],"designs":[166],"earphones":[168],"with":[169,183,193,212],"microphones":[170],"IMUs":[176],"dynamics.":[180],"collaborate":[182],"hospital":[185],"develop":[187],"dataset":[189,224],"50":[191],"patients":[192],"various":[194],"diseases":[195],"evaluate":[197],"EasySpiro's":[198],"performance,":[199],"which":[200],"shows":[201],"an":[202,213],"accurate":[203],"prediction":[204],"error":[214],"rate":[215],"7%.":[217],"addition,":[219],"open-source":[221],"collected":[223],"encourage":[226],"future":[227],"research.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}