{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416475412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723485","title":"L3GS: Layered 3D Gaussian Splats for Efficient 3D Scene Delivery","display_name":"L3GS: Layered 3D Gaussian Splats for Efficient 3D Scene Delivery","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416475412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723485"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3680207.3723485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723485","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723485","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723485","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059850267","display_name":"Yi-Zhen Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0391-7663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Zhen Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside, Riverside, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0391-7663","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside, Riverside, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101979632","display_name":"Xuechen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-0027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuechen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0907-0027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100767144","display_name":"Zheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9668-4564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9668-4564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061832197","display_name":"Jiasi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9923-9027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiasi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9923-9027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4519,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92148586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"453","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.6976000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.6976000070571899,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.09809999912977219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.03869999945163727,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.7197999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-rendering","display_name":"3D rendering","score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volume-rendering","display_name":"Volume rendering","score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-rendering","display_name":"Real-time rendering","score":0.33500000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8008999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.7197999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5146999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.47589999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36816356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16911860","display_name":"3D rendering","level":3,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30769735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165951","display_name":"Volume rendering","level":3,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116921373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2816483","display_name":"Real-time rendering","level":3,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161765866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184748","display_name":"Codec","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781020372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533093","display_name":"On the fly","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173552908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366289","display_name":"Graphics pipeline","level":4,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780056265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106239881","display_name":"High dynamic range","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97431224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438393","display_name":"Alternate frame rendering","level":5,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3680207.3723485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723485","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723485","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3680207.3723485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3680207.3723485","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3680207.3723485","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7919432346","display_name":"CAREER: Networked Multi-User Augmented Reality for Mobile Devices","funder_award_id":"1942700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416475412.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416475412.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976944900","https://openalex.org/W2150453038","https://openalex.org/W2172073677","https://openalex.org/W2738551266","https://openalex.org/W2826107421","https://openalex.org/W2896840651","https://openalex.org/W2950667143","https://openalex.org/W2962965915","https://openalex.org/W2992753629","https://openalex.org/W3021314748","https://openalex.org/W3093878734","https://openalex.org/W4200150166","https://openalex.org/W4214823325","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4386071610","https://openalex.org/W4387212733","https://openalex.org/W4394974290","https://openalex.org/W4397028793","https://openalex.org/W4399121637","https://openalex.org/W4399323702","https://openalex.org/W4401175750","https://openalex.org/W4402704624","https://openalex.org/W4402704690","https://openalex.org/W4402715988","https://openalex.org/W4402716405","https://openalex.org/W4402774471","https://openalex.org/W4404525293"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"3D":[1,38,106,117,175],"content":[2,107],"representations":[3,20],"include":[4],"dense":[5],"point":[6,49],"clouds":[7,50],"that":[8,51,110],"consume":[9],"large":[10],"amounts":[11],"of":[12,48,55,98,129],"data":[13,87,124],"and":[14,62,154,169,192],"hence":[15],"network":[16,86],"bandwidth,":[17],"while":[18],"newer":[19],"such":[21],"as":[22,45,121],"neural":[23],"radiance":[24],"fields":[25],"suffer":[26],"from":[27,73,158],"poor":[28],"frame":[29,67],"rates":[30],"due":[31,83],"to":[32,77,84,102,113,145,149,164,190],"their":[33],"nonstandard":[34],"volumetric":[35],"rendering":[36,64],"pipeline.":[37],"Gaussian":[39,176],"splats":[40,148],"(3DGS)":[41],"can":[42],"be":[43],"seen":[44],"a":[46,74,93],"generalization":[47],"meet":[52],"the":[53,122,130,166],"best":[54],"both":[56],"worlds,":[57],"with":[58,119,195],"high":[59,85,115,181],"visual":[60,167,182],"quality":[61,116,168],"efficient":[63,105,140],"for":[65,92,139,173],"real-time":[66],"rates.":[68],"However,":[69],"delivering":[70],"3DGS":[71,120,137,198],"scenes":[72,118,138],"hosting":[75],"server":[76],"client":[78],"devices":[79],"is":[80,101,202],"still":[81],"challenging":[82],"consumption":[88],"(e.g.,":[89],"1.5":[90],"GB":[91],"single":[94],"scene).":[95],"The":[96,126,200],"goal":[97],"this":[99],"work":[100],"create":[103],"an":[104],"delivery":[108,178],"framework":[109],"allows":[111],"users":[112,159],"view":[114],"underlying":[123],"representation.":[125],"main":[127],"contributions":[128],"paper":[131],"are:":[132],"(1)":[133],"Creating":[134],"new":[135],"layered":[136],"delivery,":[141],"(2)":[142],"Scheduling":[143],"algorithms":[144],"choose":[146],"what":[147,152],"download":[150],"at":[151,204],"time,":[153],"(3)":[155],"Trace-driven":[156],"experiments":[157],"wearing":[160],"virtual":[161],"reality":[162],"headsets":[163],"evaluate":[165],"latency.":[170],"Our":[171],"system":[172],"Layered":[174],"Splats":[177],"(L3GS)":[179],"demonstrates":[180],"quality,":[183],"achieving":[184],"16.9%":[185],"higher":[186],"average":[187],"SSIM":[188],"compared":[189],"baselines,":[191],"also":[193],"works":[194],"other":[196],"compressed":[197],"representations.":[199],"code":[201],"available":[203],"https://github.com/mavenslab/layered_3d_gaussian_splats.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}