{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403913147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685716","title":"SMURF: Statistical Modality Uniqueness and Redundancy Factorization","display_name":"SMURF: Statistical Modality Uniqueness and Redundancy Factorization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403913147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685716","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39669698"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678957.3685716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Multimodel Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685716","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017680583","display_name":"Torsten W\u00f6rtwein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5659-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","display_name":"Educational Testing Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03b5q4637","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torsten W\u00f6rtwein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Educational Testing Service, United States and Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5659-029X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Educational Testing Service, United States and Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139","https://openalex.org/I1341030882"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063313898","display_name":"Nicholas B. Allen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-6639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas B. Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Digital Mental Health, University of Oregon, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-6639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Digital Mental Health, University of Oregon, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000246394","display_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-1116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey F. Cohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-1116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081398601","display_name":"Louis\u2010Philippe Morency","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Louis-Philippe Morency","raw_affiliation_strings":["Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4375,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6368021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"339","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.7381160259246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factorization","display_name":"Factorization","score":0.6500219702720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6262047290802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.6146820187568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniqueness","display_name":"Uniqueness","score":0.45618736743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4155488610267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27893149852752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27097827196121216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7381160259246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187834632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188804","display_name":"Factorization","level":2,"score":0.6500219702720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6262047290802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.6146820187568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777021972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22976830","display_name":"Uniqueness","level":2,"score":0.45618736743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4155488610267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27893149852752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27097827196121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678957.3685716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Multimodel Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:39669698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39669698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ... ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. ICMI (Conference)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11637459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11637459","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11637459/pdf/nihms-2017982.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc ACM Int Conf Multimodal Interact","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678957.3685716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685716","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Multimodel Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4340203621","display_name":"CAREER: Learning Nonverbal Signatures","funder_award_id":"1750439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G574185058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1722822","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7749134747","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01MH116925","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075909365","https://openalex.org/W2083638007","https://openalex.org/W2107327484","https://openalex.org/W2166163519","https://openalex.org/W2183877827","https://openalex.org/W2239141610","https://openalex.org/W2296761881","https://openalex.org/W2346454595","https://openalex.org/W2807126412","https://openalex.org/W2883409523","https://openalex.org/W2897638272","https://openalex.org/W3008374555","https://openalex.org/W3028047900","https://openalex.org/W3093051361","https://openalex.org/W3172448037","https://openalex.org/W3205552558","https://openalex.org/W4200453943","https://openalex.org/W4221048683","https://openalex.org/W4225871786","https://openalex.org/W4301104990","https://openalex.org/W4304092664","https://openalex.org/W4308804762","https://openalex.org/W4385573973","https://openalex.org/W4386075879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W571281153","https://openalex.org/W2949403936","https://openalex.org/W4301247218","https://openalex.org/W3023806604","https://openalex.org/W2952139525","https://openalex.org/W2129818458","https://openalex.org/W4289551052","https://openalex.org/W2340777379","https://openalex.org/W4390756076","https://openalex.org/W4243074410"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"late":[1,55,121,213],"fusion":[2,6,56,122,214],"is":[3,42,68,91],"a":[4,21,120,161],"well-performing":[5],"method":[7,123],"that":[8,124,132,144,166,198],"sums":[9],"the":[10,45,52,81,100],"outputs":[11,127],"of":[12,47],"separately":[13],"processed":[14],"modalities,":[15],"so-called":[16],"modality":[17,64],"contributions,":[18],"to":[19,32,43,51,62,92,95,102,201,204,211],"create":[20],"prediction;":[22],"for":[23],"example,":[24],"summing":[25],"contributions":[26,65,84,131,143],"from":[27],"vision,":[28],"acoustic,":[29],"and":[30,79,117,139,178,186],"language":[31],"predict":[33],"affective":[34,176],"states.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"our":[39,108,152,193],"primary":[40,153],"goal":[41,90],"improve":[44,93],"interpretability":[46],"what":[48,67,80],"modalities":[49,75,97,138,206],"contribute":[50],"prediction":[53],"in":[54],"models.":[57],"More":[58],"specifically,":[59],"we":[60,111,155,196],"want":[61],"factorize":[63],"into":[66,128],"consistently":[69],"shared":[70],"by":[71,98],"at":[72,207],"least":[73],"two":[74,109,149],"(pairwise":[76],"redundant":[77,104,142],"contributions)":[78],"remaining":[82],"modality-specific":[83],"are":[85,133,145],"(unique":[86],"contributions).":[87],"Our":[88],"secondary":[89,194],"robustness":[94,203],"missing":[96,205],"encouraging":[99],"model":[101],"learn":[103],"contributions.":[105],"To":[106],"achieve":[107],"goals,":[110],"propose":[112],"SMURF":[113,199],"(Statistical":[114],"Modality":[115],"Uniqueness":[116],"Redundancy":[118],"Factorization),":[119],"factorizes":[125],"its":[126,167,184],"a)":[129],"unique":[130],"uncorrelated":[134],"with":[135],"all":[136],"other":[137],"b)":[140],"pairwise":[141],"maximally":[146],"correlated":[147],"between":[148,183],"modalities.":[150],"For":[151,192],"goal,":[154,195],"1)":[156],"verify":[157],"SMURF's":[158],"factorization":[159,168,185],"on":[160,174,189],"synthetic":[162],"dataset,":[163],"2)":[164],"ensure":[165],"does":[169],"not":[170],"degrade":[171],"predictive":[172],"performance":[173],"eight":[175],"datasets,":[177],"3)":[179],"observe":[180],"significant":[181],"relationships":[182],"human":[187],"judgments":[188],"three":[190,212],"datasets.":[191],"demonstrate":[197],"leads":[200],"more":[202],"test":[208],"time":[209],"compared":[210],"baselines.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}