{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402955714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678890.3678894","title":"Security of Cross-chain Bridges: Attack Surfaces, Defenses, and Open Problems","display_name":"Security of Cross-chain Bridges: Attack Surfaces, Defenses, and Open Problems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402955714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678890.3678894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678890.3678894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678890.3678894","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 27th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678890.3678894","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006620614","display_name":"Mengya Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengya Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071738824","display_name":"Xiaokuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-7146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070946957","display_name":"Yinqian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7585-1075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinqian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026864098","display_name":"Zhiqiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6527-5994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, United States of America"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006620614"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9851157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"298","last_page":"316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.613673210144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5051208138465881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chain","display_name":"Chain (unit)","score":0.5041412115097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08684593439102173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.613673210144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5051208138465881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199185054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q552299","display_name":"Chain (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5041412115097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08684593439102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678890.3678894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678890.3678894","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 27th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678890.3678894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678890.3678894","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 27th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.75,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2908007588","https://openalex.org/W2913353093","https://openalex.org/W2952709070","https://openalex.org/W2962718239","https://openalex.org/W2963465913","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2982365671","https://openalex.org/W3043576244","https://openalex.org/W3055157380","https://openalex.org/W3105187050","https://openalex.org/W3202887189","https://openalex.org/W4206545871","https://openalex.org/W4226428242","https://openalex.org/W4229001193","https://openalex.org/W4288057768","https://openalex.org/W4384009646","https://openalex.org/W4389887771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-chain":[0],"bridges":[1,20],"play":[2],"a":[3,42,65,94,109],"pivotal":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,23],"enabling":[7],"token":[8],"and":[9,26,57,93,107,149,154,172],"data":[10],"exchanges":[11],"between":[12],"disparate":[13],"blockchains.":[14],"Despite":[15],"their":[16,24,87],"growing":[17],"popularity,":[18],"these":[19],"are":[21],"still":[22],"infancy":[25],"have":[27],"been":[28],"the":[29,46,69,79,117,164,178],"target":[30],"of":[31,45,82,111],"numerous":[32],"attacks,":[33],"leading":[34],"to":[35,162],"significant":[36],"financial":[37],"losses.":[38],"Current":[39],"literature":[40],"lacks":[41],"comprehensive":[43],"examination":[44],"security":[47,70,147],"landscape":[48],"surrounding":[49],"cross-chain":[50,73,84,112,169,179],"bridges,":[51,85],"with":[52,131],"existing":[53,142],"incident":[54],"reports":[55],"dispersed":[56],"unconsolidated.":[58],"Addressing":[59],"this":[60,62,99],"gap,":[61],"paper":[63,160],"presents":[64],"systematic":[66],"investigation":[67,175],"into":[68,123,176],"challenges":[71],"facing":[72],"bridges.":[74],"We":[75],"begin":[76],"by":[77],"outlining":[78],"key":[80],"features":[81],"current":[83],"including":[86],"applications,":[88],"verification":[89],"processes,":[90],"communication":[91],"models,":[92],"novel":[95],"threefold":[96],"categorization.":[97],"From":[98],"foundation,":[100],"we":[101,140],"identify":[102],"12":[103],"potential":[104,146],"attack":[105],"vectors":[106],"develop":[108],"taxonomy":[110],"bridge":[113,170,180],"attacks":[114],"observed":[115],"over":[116],"past":[118],"three":[119],"years,":[120],"classifying":[121],"them":[122],"10":[124],"unique":[125],"categories.":[126],"Each":[127],"category":[128],"is":[129],"detailed":[130],"corresponding":[132],"vulnerabilities,":[133],"illustrated":[134],"through":[135],"Solidity":[136],"code":[137],"examples.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"explore":[141],"defense":[143],"mechanisms,":[144],"propose":[145],"solutions,":[148],"highlight":[150],"crucial":[151],"open":[152],"questions":[153],"avenues":[155],"for":[156],"future":[157],"research.":[158],"This":[159],"aims":[161],"illuminate":[163],"path":[165],"towards":[166],"more":[167],"secure":[168],"designs":[171],"stimulate":[173],"further":[174],"fortifying":[177],"ecosystem.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}