{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404331212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681825","title":"The Work of AI: Mapping Human Labour in the AI Pipeline","display_name":"The Work of AI: Mapping Human Labour in the AI Pipeline","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404331212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678884.3681825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681825","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3678884.3681825","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3678884.3681825","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081925452","display_name":"Airi Lampinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-3826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161593684","display_name":"Stockholm University","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Airi Lampinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011581568","display_name":"Rob Comber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3127-1917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Comber","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085373652","display_name":"Srravya Chandhiramowuli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srravya Chandhiramowuli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076022384","display_name":"Naja Holten M\u00f8ller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4324-3745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naja Holten M\u00f8ller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029562752","display_name":"Alex Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-3967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex S. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081925452"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161593684"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5232,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86469702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"728","last_page":"731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12501","display_name":"Digital Economy and Work Transformation","score":0.9240999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrutiny","display_name":"Scrutiny","score":0.7557632327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-supported-cooperative-work","display_name":"Computer-supported cooperative work","score":0.7370762825012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6988569498062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.6334904432296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4859965741634369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4712187349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4612409770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.4489457309246063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4369122385978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.416611909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.41170066595077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3942986726760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.33749645948410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.31676316261291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30204057693481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.22155225276947021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21112030744552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08310040831565857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.7557632327079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198439703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461602","display_name":"Computer-supported cooperative work","level":3,"score":0.7370762825012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6988569498062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6334904432296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4859965741634369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4712187349796295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4612409770488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4489457309246063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4369122385978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.416611909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41170066595077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3942986726760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.33749645948410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.31676316261291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30204057693481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22155225276947021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21112030744552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08310040831565857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678884.3681825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681825","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3678884.3681825","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/98427cd8-bfd0-4607-bfbc-2512965692e4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/98427cd8-bfd0-4607-bfbc-2512965692e4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Lampinen , A , Comber , R , Chandhiramowuli , S , M\u00f8ller , N H & Taylor , A S 2024 , The Work of AI : Mapping Human Labour in the AI Pipeline . in M Bernstein , A Bruckman , U Gadiraju , A Halfaker , X Ma , F Pinatti , M Redi , D Ribes , S Savage & A Zhang (eds) , CSCW Companion 2024 - Companion of the 2024 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing . Association for Computing Machinery , Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW , pp. 728-731 , 27th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, CSCW Companion 2024 , San Jose , Costa Rica , 09/11/2024 . https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681825","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3678884.3681825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681825","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3678884.3681825","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G235132559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019.0228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","funder_display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8125403758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMW 2019.0228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","funder_display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325669","display_name":"Stockholms Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/05f0yaq80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond","ror":"https://ror.org/024f3s581"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404331212.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404331212.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012150241","https://openalex.org/W2021370805","https://openalex.org/W2115971658","https://openalex.org/W2128815649","https://openalex.org/W2147603330","https://openalex.org/W2293307500","https://openalex.org/W2755246076","https://openalex.org/W2783516959","https://openalex.org/W2933982937","https://openalex.org/W2974834077","https://openalex.org/W3093541323","https://openalex.org/W3118813946","https://openalex.org/W3160694721","https://openalex.org/W4225090571","https://openalex.org/W4251284059","https://openalex.org/W4309619003","https://openalex.org/W4366588458","https://openalex.org/W4395960675"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1987888524","https://openalex.org/W2415594679","https://openalex.org/W2095908156","https://openalex.org/W4400813213","https://openalex.org/W3190981800","https://openalex.org/W2111385166","https://openalex.org/W2588090758","https://openalex.org/W2119108885","https://openalex.org/W2230884280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"one-day":[1],"workshop":[2,143,167],"invites":[3,169],"researchers":[4,177],"and":[5,16,23,39,70,110,139,156,194],"practitioners":[6],"to":[7,50,52,100,103,119,125,171],"map":[8],"the":[9,19,30,33,45,55,59,64,68,76,86,104,129,149,152,159,166,188],"human":[10,42],"labour,":[11],"in":[12,18,44,58,67,158],"its":[13,73],"sites,":[14],"categories,":[15],"characteristics,":[17],"infrastructuring":[20],"of":[21,32,61,72,78,113,136,151,181,187],"AI":[22,46,62,83,130,160,189,201],"algorithmic":[24],"systems.":[25],"Our":[26],"concern":[27],"is":[28],"with":[29,35,200],"broadening":[31],"terms":[34],"which":[36],"we":[37,174],"articulate":[38],"account":[40],"for":[41],"labour":[43,93],"pipeline.":[47,161],"We":[48,90],"aim":[49],"attend":[51],"not":[53],"only":[54],"privileged":[56],"bodies":[57,66],"production":[60],"or":[63],"harmed":[65],"witnessing":[69],"moderation":[71],"harms,":[74],"but":[75],"constellation":[77],"mundane":[79],"labours":[80],"that":[81],"make":[82],"systems":[84],"work":[85,114,118,124,154],"way":[87],"they":[88],"work.":[89,127],"consider":[91,172],"this":[92,142],"across":[94,111],"sites":[95],"-":[96,109,115,178,191],"from":[97,116,122],"labelling":[98],"datasets,":[99],"red":[101],"teaming,":[102],"(inevitable)":[105],"public":[106],"perception":[107],"management":[108],"categories":[112],"knowledge":[117],"emotion":[120],"work,":[121],"bodily":[123],"organisational":[126],"Approaching":[128],"pipeline":[131,190],"both":[132],"as":[133,175],"a":[134,145,163],"site":[135],"empirical":[137],"study":[138],"critical":[140],"scrutiny,":[141],"promotes":[144],"CSCW":[146,176],"perspective":[147],"into":[148],"inquiry":[150],"humans,":[153],"practices,":[155],"politics":[157],"Taking":[162],"reflective":[164],"turn,":[165],"also":[168],"us":[170],"what":[173],"one":[179],"group":[180],"humans":[182],"active":[183],"at":[184],"various":[185],"parts":[186],"can":[192],"do":[193],"be":[195],"challenged":[196],"by":[197],"through":[198],"engaging":[199],"production.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
