{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400580303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3677609","title":"VRVul-Discovery: BiLSTM-based Vulnerability Discovery for Virtual Reality Devices in Metaverse","display_name":"VRVul-Discovery: BiLSTM-based Vulnerability Discovery for Virtual Reality Devices in Metaverse","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400580303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3677609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3677609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3677609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072122717","display_name":"Letian Sha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5547-3728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Letian Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5547-3728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087324296","display_name":"Xiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1311-4994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1311-4994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602821","display_name":"Fu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China and Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, Nanjing, China","College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China and Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Jiangsu High Technology Research Key Laboratory for Wireless Sensor Networks","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102166513","display_name":"Zhong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176432857","display_name":"Beijing Wuzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/00bd1d647","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176432857"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126929","display_name":"CE Technologies (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02pw67e25","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126929"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuheng Lab, Bytedance, Beijing, China","Wuheng Lab, Bytedance"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7364-4640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuheng Lab, Bytedance, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176432857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuheng Lab, Bytedance","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104423019","display_name":"Zhangbo Long","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangbo Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7355-1040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104423020","display_name":"Qianyu Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyu Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6112-2841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017411757","display_name":"Jiankuo Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-3000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiankuo Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-3000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9172,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72526366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9429000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.8569812774658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5233075618743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5086658596992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4579209089279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40279582142829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1040981113910675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.8569812774658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6553000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5233075618743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5086658596992493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4579209089279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40279582142829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1040981113910675}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3677609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3677609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070604100","https://openalex.org/W3005789113","https://openalex.org/W3013534678","https://openalex.org/W3104026962","https://openalex.org/W3114965367","https://openalex.org/W3124751734","https://openalex.org/W3183418636","https://openalex.org/W4211092666","https://openalex.org/W4224211778","https://openalex.org/W4225386249","https://openalex.org/W4226247707","https://openalex.org/W4283831639","https://openalex.org/W4287708979","https://openalex.org/W4295788720","https://openalex.org/W4295990209","https://openalex.org/W4296566861","https://openalex.org/W4296983654","https://openalex.org/W4304688471","https://openalex.org/W4309172766","https://openalex.org/W4310873126","https://openalex.org/W4310874958","https://openalex.org/W4312118615","https://openalex.org/W4312854774","https://openalex.org/W4312857547","https://openalex.org/W4312905045","https://openalex.org/W4313888856","https://openalex.org/W4317437961","https://openalex.org/W4317934181","https://openalex.org/W4317940238","https://openalex.org/W4321277249","https://openalex.org/W4362597841","https://openalex.org/W4366151260","https://openalex.org/W4367310666","https://openalex.org/W4367662678","https://openalex.org/W4376130058","https://openalex.org/W4377692686","https://openalex.org/W4380357723","https://openalex.org/W4381786410","https://openalex.org/W4382323340","https://openalex.org/W4385187265","https://openalex.org/W4385473662","https://openalex.org/W4386275683","https://openalex.org/W4386436376","https://openalex.org/W4386559072","https://openalex.org/W4386813044","https://openalex.org/W4386824960","https://openalex.org/W4387796556","https://openalex.org/W4387870504","https://openalex.org/W4387963626","https://openalex.org/W4388185274","https://openalex.org/W4389076756","https://openalex.org/W6910443854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W4312864667","https://openalex.org/W2616814274","https://openalex.org/W4376853950","https://openalex.org/W4366210097","https://openalex.org/W4366734514","https://openalex.org/W4237056396","https://openalex.org/W4388442643","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29],"rapid":[1],"development":[2],"of":[3,18,31,52,111,122,142],"the":[4,19,27,47,85,109,132,134],"metaverse":[5,78,94],"has":[6,43],"brought":[7],"about":[8],"numerous":[9],"security":[10,30,50],"challenges.":[11],"Virtual":[12],"Reality":[13],"(VR)":[14],",":[15],"as":[16],"one":[17],"core":[20],"technologies,":[21],"plays":[22],"a":[23,58,65,99],"crucial":[24],"role":[25],"in":[26],"metaverse.":[28],"VR":[32,53,81,89],"devices":[33],"directly":[34],"impacts":[35],"user":[36,70],"authentication":[37,71],"and":[38,49,72,93,102,126],"privacy.":[39],"Currently,":[40],"no":[41],"attention":[42],"been":[44],"paid":[45],"to":[46,63,129],"vulnerabilities":[48],"risks":[51],"devices.":[54,82],"This":[55],"article":[56],"employs":[57],"bi-layer":[59],"BiLSTM":[60],"neural":[61],"network":[62],"conduct":[64],"root":[66],"cause":[67],"analysis":[68],"for":[69],"scene":[73],"interaction":[74,95],"when":[75],"users":[76],"enter":[77],"environment":[79],"using":[80],"By":[83],"establishing":[84],"mapping":[86],"between":[87],"vulnerable":[88],"firmware":[90,123],"file":[91],"attributes":[92,125],"scenarios,":[96],"we":[97],"implement":[98],"vulnerability":[100,112,124],"discovery":[101],"verification":[103],"prototype":[104,135],"called":[105],"VRVul-Discovery,":[106],"based":[107],"on":[108],"concept":[110],"discovery.":[113],"Experiment":[114],"results":[115],"demonstrate":[116],"that":[117],"VRVul-Discovery":[118],"provides":[119],"high-accuracy":[120],"determinations":[121],"scenarios":[127],"susceptible":[128],"hijacking.":[130],"In":[131],"end,":[133],"system":[136],"discovers":[137],"seven":[138],"unknown":[139],"vulnerabilities,":[140],"all":[141],"which":[143],"are":[144],"authenticated.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
