{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409282588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3689919","title":"Detecting Hardware Trojans in Manufactured Chips without Reference: A GMM-Based Approach","display_name":"Detecting Hardware Trojans in Manufactured Chips without Reference: A GMM-Based Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409282588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3689919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3689919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3689919","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3689919","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3689919","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117083792","display_name":"Mahsa Tahghigh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahsa Tahghigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008087855","display_name":"Hassan Salmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-2934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Salmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5117083792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4824,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68957789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6200810074806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5201423764228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.40169262886047363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6200810074806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5201423764228821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.40169262886047363}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3689919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3689919","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3689919","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3689919","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3689919","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3689919","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2139536420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000142312131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2811237814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4776870722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409282588.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409282588.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989541173","https://openalex.org/W2477020977","https://openalex.org/W2557621347","https://openalex.org/W2562410774","https://openalex.org/W2755385058","https://openalex.org/W2800859234","https://openalex.org/W2977334064","https://openalex.org/W3084156520","https://openalex.org/W4292719788","https://openalex.org/W4300672471","https://openalex.org/W4386420220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"horizontal":[1],"IC":[2],"design":[3,131],"and":[4],"manufacturing":[5],"flow":[6],"creates":[7],"ample":[8],"opportunities":[9],"for":[10,49,82],"unauthorized":[11],"tampering":[12],"at":[13],"various":[14,71],"stages,":[15],"yet":[16],"there":[17],"is":[18],"limited":[19],"research":[20],"dedicated":[21],"to":[22,86,107,111,120],"detecting":[23],"hardware":[24,72],"Trojans":[25],"(HTs)":[26],"in":[27,53],"manufactured":[28,54,130],"ICs.":[29,42],"Practical":[30],"applications":[31],"are":[32],"hindered":[33],"by":[34],"substantial":[35],"challenges,":[36],"including":[37],"the":[38,83,87],"presence":[39],"of":[40,89,126],"trusted":[41],"This":[43],"paper":[44],"introduces":[45],"a":[46,100,123,129],"novel":[47],"method":[48,97],"reference-free":[50],"HT":[51,95,114],"detection":[52,96],"ICs,":[55],"leveraging":[56],"Gaussian":[57],"mixture":[58],"models":[59],"(GMMs)":[60],"with":[61,70,122,135],"power":[62],"side-channel":[63,109],"signals.":[64],"Experimental":[65],"results,":[66],"conducted":[67],"on":[68],"AES-128":[69],"Trojans,":[73],"demonstrate":[74],"an":[75,136],"accuracy":[76],"exceeding":[77],"95.52%.":[78],"To":[79],"be":[80],"introduced":[81],"first":[84],"time,":[85],"best":[88],"our":[90,92],"knowledge,":[91],"proposed":[93],"GMM-based":[94],"also":[98],"provides":[99],"probabilistic":[101],"framework,":[102],"attributing":[103],"evolving":[104],"probability":[105],"values":[106],"individual":[108],"measurements":[110],"indicate":[112],"potential":[113],"activation.":[115],"Consequently,":[116],"it":[117],"becomes":[118],"feasible":[119],"ascertain":[121],"high":[124],"level":[125],"confidence":[127],"whether":[128],"has":[132],"been":[133],"tampered":[134],"HT.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}