{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409282642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676834","title":"PolarGate: Breaking the Functionality Representation Bottleneck of And-Inverter Graph Neural Network","display_name":"PolarGate: Breaking the Functionality Representation Bottleneck of And-Inverter Graph Neural Network","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409282642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676834","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676834","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676834","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101834031","display_name":"Jiawei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-0455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["No address","The Chinese University of Hong Kong","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-0455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016813457","display_name":"Jianwang Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-3536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwang Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","No address","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1581-3536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2941-8951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","No address","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2941-8951","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070519504","display_name":"Mingyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0949-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","No address","Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0949-845X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101564905","display_name":"Zhe Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1594-2335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["No address","Sun Yat-Sen University","The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1594-2335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-Sen University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HongKong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705849","display_name":"Chuan Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-0266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","No address","Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-0266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051340429","display_name":"Bei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSE, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","No address"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSE, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"No address","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3664,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92324681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.834826648235321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6752197742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5151327848434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.47282373905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.44993001222610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.40727540850639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2575688362121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.16197794675827026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.834826648235321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6752197742462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5151327848434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.47282373905181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.44993001222610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40727540850639343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2575688362121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.16197794675827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676834","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676834","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1145/3812548","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676834","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676834","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1108969597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62192784","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1343331596","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4957550077","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5a92\u4f53\u5927\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u4fe1\u606f\u7f51\u7edc\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772082","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5576251551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6687479257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1936220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8003444953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409282642.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409282642.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123594341","https://openalex.org/W2242458479","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2912450141","https://openalex.org/W2942465004","https://openalex.org/W2945759188","https://openalex.org/W2964051675","https://openalex.org/W2990045899","https://openalex.org/W2992137891","https://openalex.org/W3034190530","https://openalex.org/W3092027164","https://openalex.org/W3127876976","https://openalex.org/W3169517138","https://openalex.org/W3215707055","https://openalex.org/W4283076536","https://openalex.org/W4293024139","https://openalex.org/W4293261952","https://openalex.org/W4319453689","https://openalex.org/W4321012242","https://openalex.org/W4327667178","https://openalex.org/W4367046831","https://openalex.org/W4378711578","https://openalex.org/W4392487800","https://openalex.org/W6748262478","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6767582755","https://openalex.org/W6788695333","https://openalex.org/W6805229603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138","https://openalex.org/W2743976221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,22,41,58,72,83,126,133,153,158,166,169,207],"functionality":[2,84,160],"of":[3,24,48,60,75,85,103,135,141,161,168,217],"Boolean":[4,49,63,86,212],"networks":[5,34],"is":[6,65,233],"crucial":[7],"for":[8,39,62,92,125,211],"processes":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"functional":[12,142],"equivalence":[13],"checking,":[14],"logic":[15,19,170],"synthesis":[16],"and":[17,119,181,199,223],"malicious":[18],"identification.":[20],"With":[21],"proliferation":[23],"deep":[25],"learning":[26,221],"in":[27,57,220,226],"electronic":[28],"design":[29,182],"automation":[30],"(EDA),":[31],"graph":[32],"neural":[33],"(GNNs)":[35],"are":[36],"widely":[37],"used":[38],"embedding":[40],"and-inverter":[42],"graphs":[43],"(AIGs),":[44],"a":[45,100,183],"standard":[46],"form":[47],"networks,":[50],"into":[51,172],"vectorized":[52],"representation.":[53],"A":[54],"key":[55],"challenge":[56],"use":[59],"GNN":[61],"representation":[64],"that":[66,204],"although":[67],"GNNs":[68,90],"can":[69],"well":[70],"encapsulate":[71],"structural":[73],"properties":[74],"AIGs,":[76],"they":[77],"usually":[78],"fail":[79],"to":[80,114],"fully":[81],"capture":[82],"logic.":[87],"Moreover,":[88],"most":[89],"designed":[91],"AIGs":[93],"(also":[94],"called":[95,148],"AIGNNs)":[96],"either":[97],"rely":[98],"on":[99,131,190,228],"large":[101],"amount":[102],"training":[104,117],"data":[105],"or":[106],"require":[107],"complex":[108],"supervisory":[109],"tasks,":[110],"making":[111],"it":[112],"difficult":[113],"maintain":[115],"high":[116],"efficiency":[118,227],"prediction":[120,198],"accuracy.":[121],"In":[122],"this":[123],"work,":[124],"first":[127],"time,":[128],"we":[129,164],"focus":[130],"breaking":[132],"bottleneck":[134],"AIGNNs":[136],"by":[137],"augmenting":[138],"their":[139],"capability":[140,222],"representation,":[143,213],"providing":[144],"an":[145,173,215],"efficient":[146],"solution":[147],"PolarGate,":[149],"which":[150],"naturally":[151],"aligns":[152],"message":[154,185],"passing":[155,186],"process":[156],"with":[157,214],"logical":[159,179],"AIGs.":[162],"Specifically,":[163],"map":[165],"behavior":[167],"gate":[171],"ambipolar":[174],"state":[175],"space,":[176],"customize":[177],"differentiable":[178],"operators,":[180],"functionality-aware":[184],"strategy.":[187],"Experimental":[188],"results":[189],"two":[191,229],"logically":[192],"related":[193],"tasks":[194],"(i.e.,":[195],"signal":[196],"probability":[197],"truth-table":[200],"distance":[201],"prediction)":[202],"show":[203],"PolarGate":[205],"outperforms":[206],"state-of-the-art":[208],"GNN-based":[209],"methods":[210],"improvement":[216],"62.1%":[218],"(40.6%)":[219],"79.5%":[224],"(85.6%)":[225],"tasks.":[230],"The":[231],"code":[232],"avaliable":[234],"at":[235],"https://github.com/BUPT-GAMMA/PolarGate.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}