{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409285507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676825","title":"NORNS: Three Guides for Efficient Automatic Post-Fabrication Optimization of Modern NAND Flash Memory","display_name":"NORNS: Three Guides for Efficient Automatic Post-Fabrication Optimization of Modern NAND Flash Memory","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409285507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676825","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676825","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676825","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045686567","display_name":"Earl Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Earl Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5161-7932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057504898","display_name":"Hyunuk Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-1884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunuk Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-1884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102903741","display_name":"Sungjun Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-6183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungjun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-6183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025062056","display_name":"Myungsuk Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8667-3198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myungsuk Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8667-3198","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010929521","display_name":"Jisung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1826-9003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jisung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1826-9003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, North Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102198369","display_name":"Jaeyong Jeong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyong Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2406-8351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103640991","display_name":"Eun-Kyoung Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunkyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1769-340X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113522124","display_name":"Sung\u2010Hoi Hur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunghoi Hur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7616-9715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045686567"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33989049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.7545816898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.694657564163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.5890557765960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.4922408163547516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.44004225730895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.42164346575737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3766965866088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.31280383467674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10964399576187134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.7545816898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.694657564163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.5890557765960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.4922408163547516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.44004225730895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.42164346575737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3766965866088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.31280383467674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10964399576187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676825","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676825","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676825","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676825","source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315121","display_name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409285507.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409285507.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967457923","https://openalex.org/W2072717808","https://openalex.org/W2089026843","https://openalex.org/W2094897492","https://openalex.org/W2098731682","https://openalex.org/W2402682918","https://openalex.org/W2588273498","https://openalex.org/W2757382784","https://openalex.org/W2805732642","https://openalex.org/W2809427758","https://openalex.org/W2913472186","https://openalex.org/W2980072139","https://openalex.org/W3007335796","https://openalex.org/W3015486995","https://openalex.org/W3094996254","https://openalex.org/W3193296554","https://openalex.org/W3205684738","https://openalex.org/W4221004587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054139911","https://openalex.org/W1577524679","https://openalex.org/W2162027152","https://openalex.org/W2489439822","https://openalex.org/W3165307257","https://openalex.org/W2116397085","https://openalex.org/W2515312339","https://openalex.org/W2535372975","https://openalex.org/W2145098804","https://openalex.org/W4237143391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,86,122,178],"meet":[3,88],"the":[4,33,77,134],"diverse":[5],"requirements":[6,90],"of":[7,22,35,67,80,126,130],"modern":[8,81],"storage":[9,36],"systems,":[10,37],"flash":[11,29,69,84,150,156],"memory":[12,30,85,151],"should":[13],"be":[14],"optimized":[15],"by":[16,169,176],"precisely":[17],"tuning":[18],"a":[19,48,61,127],"huge":[20],"number":[21,129],"internal":[23],"operating":[24],"parameters.":[25],"Although":[26],"3D":[27,82],"NAND":[28,55,68,83,149,155],"successfully":[31],"increases":[32],"capacity":[34],"its":[38],"complex":[39],"architecture":[40],"and":[41,51,117,152,173,180],"unique":[42],"error":[43],"behavior":[44],"make":[45],"such":[46],"optimization":[47,66,115,125,163,167],"more":[49],"difficult":[50],"time-consuming":[52],"process":[53,79],"during":[54],"manufacturing.":[56],"This":[57],"work":[58],"introduces":[59],"Norns,":[60],"novel":[62],"method":[63],"for":[64,146],"post-fabrication":[65,166],"memory,":[70],"which":[71],"is":[72,97],"an":[73],"essential":[74],"step":[75],"in":[76,143],"manufacturing":[78],"simultaneously":[87],"various":[89],"on":[91,99,182],"reliability,":[92],"performance,":[93],"yield,":[94],"etc.":[95],"Norns":[96,142,159],"based":[98],"simple":[100],"machine-learning":[101],"approaches":[102],"yet":[103],"with":[104],"three":[105],"key":[106],"guidelines":[107],"that":[108],"leverage":[109],"(i)":[110],"domain-specific":[111],"rules,":[112],"(ii)":[113],"recent":[114],"results,":[116],"(iii)":[118],"online":[119],"simulation,":[120],"respectively,":[121],"enable":[123],"quick":[124],"large":[128],"device":[131],"parameters":[132],"within":[133],"limited":[135],"product":[136],"turnaround":[137],"time":[138],"(TAT).":[139],"We":[140],"evaluate":[141],"mass":[144],"production":[145],"7th-generation":[147],"QLC":[148],"8th-generation":[153],"TLC":[154],"memory.":[157],"Our":[158],"can":[160],"achieve":[161],"superior":[162],"over":[164],"existing":[165],"techniques":[168],"showing":[170],"significant":[171],"performance":[172],"reliability":[174],"improvements":[175],"up":[177],"8.8%":[179],"12%":[181],"average,":[183],"respectively.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}