{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409285607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676662","title":"KirchhoffNet: A Scalable Ultra Fast Analog Neural Network","display_name":"KirchhoffNet: A Scalable Ultra Fast Analog Neural Network","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409285607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676662"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676662","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676662","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676662","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021178333","display_name":"Zhengqi Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-4198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhengqi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of EECS, MIT, Cambridge, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of EECS, MIT, Cambridge, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065945681","display_name":"Fan-Keng Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan-keng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of EECS, MIT, Cambridge, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of EECS, MIT, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017703821","display_name":"R.A. Rohrer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7648-4932"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ron Rohrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, CMU, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, CMU, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066048721","display_name":"Duane S. Boning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0417-445X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duane S. Boning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of EECS, MIT, Cambridge, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of EECS, MIT, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021178333"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26302298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6759546995162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6388101577758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6282837986946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28075963258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.05584999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6759546995162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6388101577758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6282837986946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28075963258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.05584999918937683}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676662","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676662","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/162215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/162215","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/162215/1/3676536.3676662.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3676536.3676662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3676536.3676662","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3676536.3676662","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409285607.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969067576","https://openalex.org/W1978981235","https://openalex.org/W1993163906","https://openalex.org/W2000335122","https://openalex.org/W2097113878","https://openalex.org/W2406293284","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2608997467","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2766353659","https://openalex.org/W2798701005","https://openalex.org/W2821976686","https://openalex.org/W2939020224","https://openalex.org/W2945445229","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W2979706619","https://openalex.org/W2981124343","https://openalex.org/W3007175350","https://openalex.org/W3007332492","https://openalex.org/W3092601938","https://openalex.org/W3094910090","https://openalex.org/W3102084819","https://openalex.org/W3117088291","https://openalex.org/W3124237980","https://openalex.org/W3126430607","https://openalex.org/W3191589221","https://openalex.org/W3194056411","https://openalex.org/W4250981202","https://openalex.org/W4251476106","https://openalex.org/W4287829537","https://openalex.org/W4378804788","https://openalex.org/W6713184358","https://openalex.org/W6774419874"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2389214306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"leverage":[4],"a":[5,19,38,56,89,128,146,157,164,175],"foundational":[6],"principle":[7],"of":[8,22,65,91,102,140,143],"analog":[9,32,130,179],"electronic":[10],"circuitry,":[11],"Kirchhoff's":[12],"current":[13],"and":[14,51,96,115,166,187],"voltage":[15],"laws,":[16],"to":[17,134],"introduce":[18],"distinctive":[20],"class":[21],"neural":[23,39,48,172,180],"network":[24,49],"models":[25],"termed":[26],"KirchhoffNet.":[27],"Essentially,":[28],"KirchhoffNet":[29,85,122,163],"is":[30,72,86],"an":[31,135],"circuit":[33],"that":[34,84],"can":[35,123,152],"function":[36],"as":[37,46,60,106,127],"network,":[40],"utilizing":[41],"its":[42,148],"initial":[43],"node":[44,53,66],"voltages":[45,54,67],"the":[47,52,61,69,78,100,141],"input":[50],"at":[55],"specific":[57],"time":[58,71],"point":[59],"output.":[62],"The":[63],"evolution":[64],"within":[68,145,156],"specified":[70],"dictated":[73],"by":[74,88],"learnable":[75],"parameters":[76,144],"on":[77],"edges":[79],"connecting":[80],"nodes.":[81],"We":[82],"demonstrate":[83],"governed":[87],"set":[90],"ordinary":[92],"differential":[93],"equations":[94],"(ODEs),":[95],"notably,":[97],"even":[98],"in":[99,178],"absence":[101],"traditional":[103],"layers":[104],"(such":[105],"convolution":[107],"layers),":[108],"it":[109],"attains":[110],"state-of-the-art":[111],"performances":[112],"across":[113],"diverse":[114],"complex":[116],"machine":[117],"learning":[118],"tasks.":[119],"Most":[120],"importantly,":[121],"be":[124,154],"potentially":[125],"implemented":[126],"low-power":[129],"integrated":[131],"circuit,":[132],"leading":[133],"appealing":[136],"property":[137],"---":[138],"irrespective":[139],"number":[142],"KirchhoffNet,":[147],"on-chip":[149],"forward":[150],"calculation":[151],"always":[153],"completed":[155],"short":[158],"time.":[159],"This":[160],"characteristic":[161],"makes":[162],"promising":[165],"fundamental":[167],"paradigm":[168],"for":[169,182],"implementing":[170],"large-scale":[171],"networks,":[173],"opening":[174],"new":[176],"avenue":[177],"networks":[181],"AI.":[183],"Our":[184],"source":[185],"code":[186],"model":[188],"checkpoints":[189],"are":[190],"publicly":[191],"available:":[192],"https://github.com/zhengqigao/kirchhoffnet.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
