{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401361149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3675741.3675752","title":"Towards a High Fidelity Training Environment for Autonomous Cyber Defense Agents","display_name":"Towards a High Fidelity Training Environment for Autonomous Cyber Defense Agents","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401361149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3675741.3675752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3675741.3675752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3675741.3675752","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Cyber Security Experimentation and Test Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3675741.3675752","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049863244","display_name":"Sean Oesch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6909-1022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sean Oesch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6909-1022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076750072","display_name":"Amul Chaulagain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-4234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amul Chaulagain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-4234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021166489","display_name":"Brian Weber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-5152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Weber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-5152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041168045","display_name":"Matthew Dixson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3996-4848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Dixson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3996-4848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088544434","display_name":"Amir Sadovnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9011-7365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Sadovnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9011-7365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106330777","display_name":"Benjamin Roberson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-4852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Roberson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9985-4852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007497847","display_name":"Cory Watson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5035-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cory Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5035-5047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001582368","display_name":"Phillipe Austria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-3973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phillipe Austria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3622-3973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049863244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6425,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93763915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"91","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.7024333477020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.6591148376464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6422041654586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43237537145614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4129621982574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-industry","display_name":"Defense industry","score":0.4101604223251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18035423755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.17916855216026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09880676865577698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.7024333477020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.6591148376464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6422041654586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43237537145614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4129621982574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987301392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q392933","display_name":"Defense industry","level":2,"score":0.4101604223251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18035423755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.17916855216026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09880676865577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3675741.3675752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3675741.3675752","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Cyber Security Experimentation and Test Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:2478356","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2478356","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2478356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3675741.3675752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3675741.3675752","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th Cyber Security Experimentation and Test Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719536385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2590117711","https://openalex.org/W3094485976","https://openalex.org/W3107852229"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381850946","https://openalex.org/W4380449851","https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W3125091513","https://openalex.org/W4318832338","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2810751659","https://openalex.org/W258997015","https://openalex.org/W2997094352","https://openalex.org/W4248383205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber":[0],"defenders":[1,34],"are":[2],"overwhelmed":[3],"by":[4,35],"the":[5,107,114,151],"frequency":[6],"and":[7,38,57,100,110,120,144],"scale":[8],"of":[9,106,127,160],"attacks":[10],"against":[11],"their":[12,26],"networks.":[13,71],"This":[14],"problem":[15],"will":[16,66],"only":[17],"be":[18,67],"exacerbated":[19],"as":[20,53],"attackers":[21],"leverage":[22],"AI":[23],"to":[24,41,62,123,130,149,153,170],"automate":[25],"workflows.":[27],"Autonomous":[28],"cyber":[29,83,172],"defense":[30,84],"capabilities":[31],"could":[32],"aid":[33],"automating":[36],"operations":[37],"adapting":[39],"dynamically":[40],"novel":[42,128],"threats.":[43],"However,":[44],"existing":[45],"training":[46,92,108,166],"environments":[47],"fall":[48],"short":[49],"in":[50,69,175],"areas":[51],"such":[52],"generalization,":[54],"explainability,":[55],"scalability,":[56],"transferability,":[58],"making":[59],"it":[60],"intractable":[61],"train":[63],"agents":[64,85],"that":[65,96],"effective":[68],"real":[70],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper":[74],"we":[75,87,162],"take":[76],"an":[77,156,167],"important":[78],"step":[79],"towards":[80],"creating":[81],"autonomous":[82,168],"\u2014":[86],"present":[88,163],"a":[89],"high":[90],"fidelity":[91],"environment":[93],"called":[94],"Cyberwheel":[95,103],"includes":[97],"both":[98],"simulation":[99],"emulation":[101],"capabilities.":[102],"simplifies":[104],"customization":[105],"network":[109],"easily":[111],"allows":[112],"redefining":[113],"agent\u2019s":[115],"reward":[116],"function,":[117],"observation":[118],"space,":[119],"action":[121],"space":[122],"support":[124],"rapid":[125],"experimentation":[126],"approaches":[129],"agent":[131,138,142,169],"design.":[132],"It":[133],"also":[134],"provides":[135],"visibility":[136],"into":[137],"behaviors":[139],"necessary":[140],"for":[141],"evaluation":[143],"sufficient":[145],"documentation":[146],"/":[147],"examples":[148],"lower":[150],"barrier":[152],"entry.":[154],"As":[155],"example":[157],"use":[158],"case":[159],"Cyberwheel,":[161],"initial":[164],"results":[165],"deploy":[171],"deception":[173],"strategies":[174],"simulation.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2024-08-07T00:00:00"}