{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405143969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3673791.3698413","title":"UnAnswGen: A Systematic Approach for Generating Unanswerable Questions in Machine Reading Comprehension","display_name":"UnAnswGen: A Systematic Approach for Generating Unanswerable Questions in Machine Reading Comprehension","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405143969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3673791.3698413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3673791.3698413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3673791.3698413","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3673791.3698413","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3673791.3698413","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094132086","display_name":"Hadiseh Moradisani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2776-0184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hadiseh Moradisani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073867210","display_name":"Fattane Zarrinkalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-9190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fattane Zarrinkalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115046073","display_name":"Julien Serbanescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2305-0228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julien Serbanescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066190294","display_name":"Zeinab Noorian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6854-3822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeinab Noorian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094132086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0911,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82479593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"280","last_page":"286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7180847525596619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5899625420570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5662693977355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.48471570014953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35416626930236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3492838740348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.20009475946426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1845686435699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08942916989326477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7180847525596619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5899625420570374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5662693977355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.48471570014953613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35416626930236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3492838740348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.20009475946426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1845686435699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08942916989326477}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3673791.3698413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3673791.3698413","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3673791.3698413","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3673791.3698413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3673791.3698413","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3673791.3698413","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405143969.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405143969.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2599674900","https://openalex.org/W2606555609","https://openalex.org/W2607303097","https://openalex.org/W2887331219","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2892060537","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2949961827","https://openalex.org/W2963547127","https://openalex.org/W2963769536","https://openalex.org/W2963928014","https://openalex.org/W2963957489","https://openalex.org/W2985145135","https://openalex.org/W2998665041","https://openalex.org/W3001393026","https://openalex.org/W3010183557","https://openalex.org/W3095789240","https://openalex.org/W3105956114","https://openalex.org/W3191230274","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4284668485","https://openalex.org/W4309483299","https://openalex.org/W4384827425","https://openalex.org/W4385574272","https://openalex.org/W4388093467","https://openalex.org/W4389519538","https://openalex.org/W4389519844","https://openalex.org/W4389524151","https://openalex.org/W4400530533"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082438799","https://openalex.org/W1966986837","https://openalex.org/W2360138227","https://openalex.org/W4365808155","https://openalex.org/W1838455177","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076","https://openalex.org/W2083863157","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,13,42,91,147],"configurable":[4],"software":[5,132],"workflow":[6,133],"to":[7,80,112,138],"automatically":[8],"generate":[9],"and":[10,67,116,130,152,157],"publicly":[11,136],"share":[12],"dataset":[14,129],"of":[15,100,108,120],"multi-labeled":[16,101],"unanswerable":[17,52,72,114],"questions":[18,49,73],"for":[19,33,150],"Machine":[20],"Reading":[21],"Comprehension":[22],"(MRC).":[23],"Unlike":[24],"existing":[25],"datasets":[26,102],"like":[27,103],"SQuAD2.0,":[28],"which":[29],"do":[30],"not":[31],"account":[32],"the":[34,86,98,118],"reasons":[35],"behind":[36],"question":[37],"unanswerability,":[38,84],"our":[39],"method":[40],"fills":[41],"critical":[43],"gap":[44],"by":[45],"systematically":[46],"transforming":[47],"answerable":[48],"into":[50],"their":[51,82],"counterparts":[53],"across":[54],"various":[55],"linguistic":[56],"dimensions":[57],"including":[58],"entity":[59],"swap,":[60,62],"number":[61],"negation,":[63],"antonym,":[64],"mutual":[65],"exclusion,":[66],"no":[68],"information.":[69],"These":[70],"candidate":[71],"are":[74,134],"evaluated":[75],"using":[76],"advanced":[77],"MRC":[78,109,154],"models":[79],"ensure":[81],"context-based":[83],"with":[85],"final":[87],"selection":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90],"majority":[92],"consensus":[93],"mechanism.":[94],"Our":[95],"approach":[96],"addresses":[97],"scarcity":[99],"SQuAD2-CR,":[104],"enabling":[105],"comprehensive":[106],"evaluation":[107],"systems'":[110,155],"ability":[111],"handle":[113],"queries":[115],"facilitating":[117],"exploration":[119],"solutions":[121],"such":[122],"as":[123],"query":[124],"reformulation.":[125],"The":[126],"resulting":[127],"UnAnswGen":[128],"associated":[131],"made":[135],"available":[137],"advance":[139],"research":[140],"in":[141],"machine":[142],"reading":[143],"comprehension,":[144],"offering":[145],"researchers":[146],"standardized":[148],"toolset":[149],"evaluating":[151],"enhancing":[153],"robustness":[156],"performance.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
