{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400948836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672919.3672920","title":"CTCRNN: A Hybrid CNN-BiLSTM Based Classification Method for Industrial IoT Encrypted Traffic Based on Spatiotemporal Features","display_name":"CTCRNN: A Hybrid CNN-BiLSTM Based Classification Method for Industrial IoT Encrypted Traffic Based on Spatiotemporal Features","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400948836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672919.3672920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672919.3672920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672919.3672920","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030890828","display_name":"Huiqi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-560X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huiqi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-560X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059114127","display_name":"Shunfa Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunfa Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4665-6173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050251283","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7099-0968"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7099-0968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768935","display_name":"Fang Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8756-2887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035297007","display_name":"Lu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8083-6379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8083-6379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligent Equipment, Shandong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030890828"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09188926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7804679870605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6941143870353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6511000990867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.530806303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3269793391227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2581730782985687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.21139806509017944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7804679870605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6941143870353699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6511000990867615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.530806303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3269793391227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2581730782985687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.21139806509017944}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672919.3672920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672919.3672920","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2024 3rd International Conference on Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2176412452","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2890096158","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W3001065717","https://openalex.org/W3134226201","https://openalex.org/W3139955072","https://openalex.org/W3176096468","https://openalex.org/W3194730353","https://openalex.org/W3211096890","https://openalex.org/W4213088634","https://openalex.org/W4223587185","https://openalex.org/W4288061885","https://openalex.org/W6753412334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W2950174689","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"proliferation":[1],"of":[2,9,16,32,40,46],"smart":[3,33],"devices":[4,34],"in":[5,19,153,184,195],"the":[6,20,29,38,44,56,126,134,138,149,154,159,174,179,190],"industrial":[7],"Internet":[8],"Things":[10],"(IIoT)":[11],"will":[12],"generate":[13],"large":[14],"volumes":[15],"data":[17,30,81],"traffic":[18,25,73,91],"5G":[21],"era.":[22],"Encrypting":[23],"network":[24,69],"helps":[26],"to":[27,43,70,88,114,132,140,157,186],"secure":[28],"security":[31],"while":[35],"also":[36],"raising":[37],"complexity":[39],"classification.":[41],"Due":[42],"issue":[45],"traditional":[47],"machine":[48],"learning":[49],"methods":[50],"depending":[51],"on":[52,142],"expert":[53],"experience":[54],"and":[55,67,77,112,117,129,163,178],"fact":[57],"that":[58,100],"most":[59],"current":[60,187],"research":[61],"only":[62],"uses":[63],"a":[64,98],"single":[65],"CNN":[66,155],"RNN":[68],"detect":[71],"encrypted":[72,90,121],"without":[74],"taking":[75],"forward":[76],"backward":[78],"correlations":[79],"between":[80],"packets":[82],"into":[83],"consideration,":[84],"it":[85],"is":[86],"challenging":[87],"identify":[89],"features":[92,119],"effectively.":[93],"This":[94,168],"paper":[95],"proposes":[96],"CNN-BiLSTM,":[97],"method":[99],"integrates":[101],"spatiotemporal":[102],"characteristics":[103],"with":[104],"attention":[105],"mechanisms.":[106],"In":[107],"particular,":[108],"we":[109,123,147],"utilize":[110],"1D-CNN":[111],"BiLSTM":[113],"extract":[115],"spatial":[116],"temporal":[118],"from":[120],"traffic;":[122],"then":[124],"apply":[125],"CBAM":[127],"block":[128,131],"TPA":[130],"weight":[133],"extracted":[135],"features,":[136],"allowing":[137],"model":[139,156,191],"concentrate":[141],"highly":[143],"discriminative":[144],"features;":[145],"additionally,":[146],"applied":[148],"ELU":[150],"activation":[151],"function":[152],"enhance":[158],"model's":[160],"convergence":[161],"speed":[162],"avoid":[164],"gradient":[165],"vanishing":[166],"issues.":[167],"study":[169],"was":[170],"validated":[171],"experimentally":[172],"using":[173],"ISCX2016":[175],"public":[176],"dataset,":[177],"experimental":[180],"findings":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"that,":[183],"comparison":[185],"mainstream":[188],"methods,":[189],"performs":[192],"exceptionally":[193],"well":[194],"categorization.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}