{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410356805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672608.3707955","title":"On exploiting LLMs and Statistical Methods for testing Contractual Clarity in Legal Contracts","display_name":"On exploiting LLMs and Statistical Methods for testing Contractual Clarity in Legal Contracts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410356805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672608.3707955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672608.3707955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672608.3707955","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092349742","display_name":"Biagio Boi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-5345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biagio Boi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-5345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009337285","display_name":"Ilaria Amelia Caggiano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-3695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Amelia Caggiano","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-3695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002662575","display_name":"Christian Esposito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-0748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Esposito","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-0748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029776416","display_name":"Lucilla Gatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-7180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802142324","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa","ror":"https://ror.org/021k2cy37","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucilla Gatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7730-7180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Suor Orsola Benincasa, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802142324"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092349742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11715905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1299","last_page":"1300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9172000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.7850872278213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46609392762184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.39917701482772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.3946973383426666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38372814655303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3200882077217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.0755709707736969}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.7850872278213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46609392762184143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.39917701482772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3946973383426666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38372814655303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3200882077217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0755709707736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672608.3707955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672608.3707955","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3035668167","https://openalex.org/W3136710180","https://openalex.org/W4401210535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2086338133","https://openalex.org/W4367679314","https://openalex.org/W225526533","https://openalex.org/W2078361494","https://openalex.org/W2009234990","https://openalex.org/W4244083766","https://openalex.org/W2945718656","https://openalex.org/W2091016074","https://openalex.org/W2134615400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"legislation":[1],"requires":[2],"contracts":[3,12],"to":[4,19],"be":[5],"written":[6],"clearly":[7],"and":[8,15,28,61,83],"concisely.":[9],"However,":[10],"many":[11],"remain":[13],"ambiguous":[14],"challenging":[16],"for":[17,45,67,86],"readers":[18],"understand.":[20],"Advancements":[21],"in":[22,79],"natural":[23,68],"language":[24,69],"analysis":[25],"using":[26],"statistical":[27,65],"Large":[29],"Language":[30],"Models":[31],"(LLMs)":[32],"are":[33],"improving":[34],"the":[35,42,46,54,74],"process":[36],"of":[37,56,76,88],"clarity":[38,70,82],"verification":[39],"by":[40],"reducing":[41],"time":[43],"needed":[44],"overall":[47],"process.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"paper,":[51],"we":[52],"investigate":[53],"potential":[55],"LLMs,":[57],"such":[58],"as":[59],"ChatGPT":[60],"Giuri-Matrix,":[62],"against":[63],"existing":[64],"tools":[66],"checks.":[71],"Results":[72],"suggest":[73],"adaptability":[75],"traditional":[77],"LLMs":[78],"verifying":[80],"contractual":[81],"providing":[84],"suggestions":[85],"improvement":[87],"submitted":[89],"contracts.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}