{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399584967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672392","title":"A Survey of Hardware Improvements to Secure Program Execution","display_name":"A Survey of Hardware Improvements to Secure Program Execution","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399584967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672392","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3672392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3672392","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075517496","display_name":"Lianying Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-4062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianying Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-4062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099106025","display_name":"He Shuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Shuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0637-7947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044139178","display_name":"Shengjie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-7610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengjie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5189-7610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768056","display_name":"Wei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-1394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088302075","display_name":"Rongzhen Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongzhen Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9282-2531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071084536","display_name":"Pushkar Bettadpur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pushkar Bettadpur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1123-7662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049933072","display_name":"David Lie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-6827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-6827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7215,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85913358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"12","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8674530982971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.735560417175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-compatibility-list","display_name":"Hardware compatibility list","score":0.639183759689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.6385180950164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.5834566950798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-architecture","display_name":"Hardware architecture","score":0.5712252259254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49669796228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.49528446793556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45370572805404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.44770577549934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.4241368770599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.38824424147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.38457173109054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-service","display_name":"Security service","score":0.3360103368759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.3124023675918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3060792088508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.28241318464279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.26895231008529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.23488467931747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12790387868881226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8674530982971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.735560417175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161394538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3127397","display_name":"Hardware compatibility list","level":4,"score":0.639183759689331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.6385180950164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.5834566950798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.5712252259254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49669796228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.49528446793556213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45370572805404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.44770577549934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.4241368770599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.38824424147605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.38457173109054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.3360103368759155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.3124023675918579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3060792088508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.28241318464279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.26895231008529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.23488467931747437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12790387868881226}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672392","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3672392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3672392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3672392","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3672392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399584967.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162878183","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1526715104","https://openalex.org/W1553586369","https://openalex.org/W1598700299","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1968549720","https://openalex.org/W1969501726","https://openalex.org/W1987898580","https://openalex.org/W2010350305","https://openalex.org/W2011491452","https://openalex.org/W2014517322","https://openalex.org/W2043501224","https://openalex.org/W2053343312","https://openalex.org/W2056073317","https://openalex.org/W2061643296","https://openalex.org/W2089448621","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2117882778","https://openalex.org/W2133592286","https://openalex.org/W2141365240","https://openalex.org/W2150620897","https://openalex.org/W2155851497","https://openalex.org/W2156368296","https://openalex.org/W2158699246","https://openalex.org/W2162986442","https://openalex.org/W2175377689","https://openalex.org/W2176266709","https://openalex.org/W2273713505","https://openalex.org/W2274233302","https://openalex.org/W2294454994","https://openalex.org/W2313988643","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2400178892","https://openalex.org/W2426676653","https://openalex.org/W2491334266","https://openalex.org/W2565104927","https://openalex.org/W2570150511","https://openalex.org/W2579697044","https://openalex.org/W2604334841","https://openalex.org/W2619159161","https://openalex.org/W2626912599","https://openalex.org/W2752493903","https://openalex.org/W2752929869","https://openalex.org/W2768516003","https://openalex.org/W2768809268","https://openalex.org/W2803185452","https://openalex.org/W2804700615","https://openalex.org/W2876125547","https://openalex.org/W2889624678","https://openalex.org/W2890909432","https://openalex.org/W2891196279","https://openalex.org/W2914442289","https://openalex.org/W2939057911","https://openalex.org/W2963265635","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2973630709","https://openalex.org/W2988897519","https://openalex.org/W2996860026","https://openalex.org/W3011082615","https://openalex.org/W3026093940","https://openalex.org/W3036557299","https://openalex.org/W3081879387","https://openalex.org/W3154551082","https://openalex.org/W3159718887","https://openalex.org/W3170733732","https://openalex.org/W3171718976","https://openalex.org/W3205102899","https://openalex.org/W4205983429","https://openalex.org/W4206109607","https://openalex.org/W4211095904","https://openalex.org/W4212968982","https://openalex.org/W4214626551","https://openalex.org/W4225591807","https://openalex.org/W4230753054","https://openalex.org/W4232975446","https://openalex.org/W4238851087","https://openalex.org/W4242005397","https://openalex.org/W4245124044","https://openalex.org/W4246762826","https://openalex.org/W4248989215","https://openalex.org/W4249529812","https://openalex.org/W4253267708","https://openalex.org/W4255015421","https://openalex.org/W4281779787","https://openalex.org/W4285886199","https://openalex.org/W4288086178","https://openalex.org/W4290757805","https://openalex.org/W4300617299","https://openalex.org/W4300854084","https://openalex.org/W4301329292","https://openalex.org/W4315746341","https://openalex.org/W6967186158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384824787","https://openalex.org/W2075931580","https://openalex.org/W1482030793","https://openalex.org/W2740609710","https://openalex.org/W1510971508","https://openalex.org/W2074361098","https://openalex.org/W2461758544","https://openalex.org/W4379115652","https://openalex.org/W2892230743","https://openalex.org/W4288754584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"has":[1,38],"been":[2,61],"constantly":[3],"augmented":[4],"for":[5],"security":[6,30,51,75,80,84,152,180],"considerations":[7],"since":[8],"the":[9,36,109,114,125,150,161,189],"advent":[10],"of":[11,58,170,191],"computers.":[12],"There":[13],"is":[14,118],"also":[15,165],"a":[16,25,41],"common":[17],"perception":[18],"among":[19],"computer":[20],"users":[21],"that":[22,86,138,166],"hardware":[23,50,79,117,171,193],"does":[24],"relatively":[26],"better":[27],"job":[28],"on":[29,106,149],"assurance":[31],"compared":[32],"with":[33],"software.":[34],"Yet,":[35],"community":[37],"long":[39],"lacked":[40],"comprehensive":[42],"study":[43],"to":[44,54,63,120,155,158,178],"answer":[45],"questions":[46],"such":[47,65],"as":[48,94,154,168],"how":[49,116,127,184],"support":[52,66],"contributes":[53],"security,":[55],"what":[56,68],"kind":[57],"improvements":[59],"have":[60,130,187],"introduced":[62],"improve":[64],"and":[67,82,102,123,142,145,183],"its":[69],"advantages/disadvantages":[70],"are.":[71],"By":[72],"generalizing":[73],"various":[74],"goals,":[76],"we":[77],"taxonomize":[78],"features":[81],"their":[83],"properties":[85],"can":[87],"aid":[88],"in":[89,134],"securing":[90],"program":[91],"execution,":[92],"considered":[93],"three":[95],"aspects,":[96],"i.e.,":[97],"state":[98],"correctness,":[99],"runtime":[100],"protection":[101],"input/output":[103],"protection.":[104],"Based":[105],"this":[107],"taxonomy,":[108],"survey":[110,162],"systematically":[111],"examines":[112],"(1)":[113],"roles:":[115],"applied":[119],"achieve":[121],"security;":[122],"(2)":[124],"problems:":[126],"reported":[128],"attacks":[129],"exploited":[131],"certain":[132],"defects":[133],"hardware.":[135],"We":[136],"see":[137],"hardware\u2019s":[139],"unique":[140],"advantages":[141],"problems":[143],"co-exist":[144],"it":[146],"highly":[147],"depends":[148],"desired":[151],"purpose":[153],"which":[156],"type":[157],"use.":[159],"Among":[160],"findings":[163],"are":[164],"code":[167],"part":[169],"(aka.":[172],"firmware)":[173],"should":[174],"be":[175],"treated":[176],"differently":[177],"ensure":[179],"by":[181],"design;":[182],"research":[185],"proposals":[186],"driven":[188],"advancement":[190],"commodity":[192],"features.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}