{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405464783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3670865.3673637","title":"The Impact of Race-Blind and Test-Optional Admissions on Racial Diversity and Merit","display_name":"The Impact of Race-Blind and Test-Optional Admissions on Racial Diversity and Merit","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405464783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3670865.3673637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3670865.3673637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3670865.3673637","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099585207","display_name":"Allen Sirolly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0352-2166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Allen Sirolly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Business School, New York, New York, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0352-2166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Business School, New York, New York, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000266593","display_name":"Yash Kanoria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-357X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yash Kanoria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Business School, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-357X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Business School, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000522111","display_name":"Hongyao Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-7107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia Business School, New York, New York, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-7107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia Business School, New York, New York, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099585207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87906827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"308","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13566","display_name":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","score":0.7146000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13566","display_name":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","score":0.7146000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.7010999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.6155999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.7571498155593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.6148365139961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-diversity","display_name":"Racial diversity","score":0.5855240821838379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5722748637199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44593313336372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.24525657296180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.19031590223312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-studies","display_name":"Gender studies","score":0.11353752017021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.05709764361381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.053809672594070435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7571498155593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6148365139961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992902019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3254959","display_name":"Racial diversity","level":3,"score":0.5855240821838379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5722748637199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44593313336372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24525657296180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19031590223312378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.11353752017021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.05709764361381531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.053809672594070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3670865.3673637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3670865.3673637","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8299737091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMMI-1653477","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3198803523","https://openalex.org/W2134326019","https://openalex.org/W3123988358","https://openalex.org/W1980239432","https://openalex.org/W2894388792","https://openalex.org/W2904665938","https://openalex.org/W2298976162","https://openalex.org/W2989927873","https://openalex.org/W4382280027","https://openalex.org/W3023341308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0,23],"significant":[1],"was":[2],"the":[3,13,60,70,112,120,130,163,186,196,209],"role":[4],"of":[5,43,53,63,72,81,97,114,124,139,167,188],"racial":[6,30,101],"preferences":[7],"in":[8,153],"U.S.":[9],"college":[10,44,64,85],"admissions":[11,45,57,146,154],"before":[12],"Supreme":[14],"Court's":[15],"2023":[16],"decision":[17],"to":[18,202,213],"ban":[19],"race-based":[20],"affirmative":[21],"action?":[22],"much":[24],"might":[25],"test-optional":[26,180],"admission":[27,158,181],"policies":[28,76],"impact":[29,71,110],"diversity":[31,78],"and":[32,56,74,79,118,193],"academic":[33],"merit?":[34],"In":[35,127],"this":[36],"work,":[37],"we":[38],"estimate":[39,177],"a":[40,50],"simple":[41],"model":[42],"decisions":[46],"from":[47],"2012--2021,":[48],"leveraging":[49],"novel":[51],"dataset":[52],"applicant":[54],"profiles":[55],"outcomes":[58],"across":[59],"full":[61],"spectrum":[62],"selectivity.":[65,86],"We":[66,175],"find":[67],"that,":[68],"broadly,":[69],"race":[73],"testing":[75],"on":[77,111,119],"merit":[80],"admits":[82,168],"decreases":[83],"by":[84,159,169,200],"For":[87],"America's":[88],"less":[89,206],"selective":[90,133,207],"colleges":[91,134],"that":[92,145,178],"collectively":[93],"enroll":[94],"over":[95],"three-quarters":[96],"students,":[98],"fully":[99],"eliminating":[100],"preferences---expressed":[102],"either":[103],"directly":[104],"or":[105],"via":[106],"unobserved":[107],"correlates---has":[108],"little":[109],"proportion":[113,187],"underrepresented":[115],"minorities":[116],"(URM)":[117],"average":[121,164,197],"SAT":[122,165,198],"score":[123,166,199],"admitted":[125],"students.":[126],"contrast,":[128],"for":[129,136],"34":[131],"most":[132],"accounting":[135],"3":[137],"percent":[138],"total":[140],"enrollment,":[141],"our":[142],"estimates":[143],"suggest":[144],"going":[147],"\"race":[148],"blind\"---absent":[149],"any":[150],"compensating":[151],"changes":[152],"criteria---could":[155],"reduce":[156],"URM":[157],"one-third":[160],"while":[161],"increasing":[162],"no":[170],"more":[171],"than":[172],"10":[173,203],"points.":[174,204],"also":[176],"universal":[179],"does":[182],"not":[183],"materially":[184],"affect":[185],"URMs":[189],"at":[190],"elite":[191],"colleges,":[192],"may":[194],"decrease":[195],"up":[201],"At":[205],"institutions,":[208],"effects":[210],"are":[211],"estimated":[212],"be":[214],"negligible.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}