{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407196927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3669940.3707284","title":"PartIR: Composing SPMD Partitioning Strategies for Machine Learning","display_name":"PartIR: Composing SPMD Partitioning Strategies for Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407196927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3669940.3707284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3669940.3707284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3669940.3707284","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083637290","display_name":"Sami Alabed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-526X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sami Alabed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8716-526X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083899415","display_name":"D. D. Belov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Belov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8374-1874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038812347","display_name":"Bart Chrzaszcz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Chrzaszcz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1400-3624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006668787","display_name":"Juliana Franco","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juliana Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1031-2598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077188995","display_name":"Dominik Grewe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Grewe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6483-3841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044804484","display_name":"Dougal Maclaurin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-1377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dougal Maclaurin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0122-1377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008051481","display_name":"James Molloy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-7618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Molloy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-7618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073429113","display_name":"Tom Natan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Natan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1789-2824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013235547","display_name":"Tamara Norman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamara Norman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0703-6435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008578073","display_name":"Xiaoyue Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyue Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0846-3208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004759214","display_name":"Adam Paszke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7665-4559"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Paszke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7665-4559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042792053","display_name":"Norman A. Rink","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman A. Rink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8591-5215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074173961","display_name":"Michael Schaarschmidt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Schaarschmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Isomorphic Labs, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1179-1934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isomorphic Labs, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093792947","display_name":"Timur Sitdikov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timur Sitdikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4010-8912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093792948","display_name":"Agnieszka Swietlik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agnieszka Swietlik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7276-9038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029108294","display_name":"Dimitrios Vytiniotis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Vytiniotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2079-1996","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104666589","display_name":"Joel Wee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090411","display_name":"Google DeepMind (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00971b260","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113297","display_name":"Google (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/024bc3e07","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Wee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3518-3526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113297","https://openalex.org/I4210090411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":17,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083637290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090411","https://openalex.org/I4210113297"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6185,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96987147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"794","last_page":"810"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spmd","display_name":"SPMD","score":0.9407256841659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8506174087524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.40127164125442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3295586109161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3217800259590149}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7042729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2289219","display_name":"SPMD","level":2,"score":0.9407256841659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8506174087524414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.40127164125442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3295586109161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3217800259590149}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3669940.3707284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3669940.3707284","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589918049","https://openalex.org/W1978948468","https://openalex.org/W1997978901","https://openalex.org/W2055312318","https://openalex.org/W2590246587","https://openalex.org/W2969388332","https://openalex.org/W2981859891","https://openalex.org/W2987684178","https://openalex.org/W3021234081","https://openalex.org/W3036167779","https://openalex.org/W3047091820","https://openalex.org/W3081168214","https://openalex.org/W3090487264","https://openalex.org/W3122286897","https://openalex.org/W3157919170","https://openalex.org/W3190062760","https://openalex.org/W3195241200","https://openalex.org/W4220690649","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4225591000","https://openalex.org/W4240382083","https://openalex.org/W4306178269","https://openalex.org/W4312060029","https://openalex.org/W4380874786","https://openalex.org/W4385571051","https://openalex.org/W4386768656","https://openalex.org/W4389523694","https://openalex.org/W4390871749","https://openalex.org/W6779823529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2581223690","https://openalex.org/W2089198025","https://openalex.org/W2021574234","https://openalex.org/W1594028627","https://openalex.org/W1820575202","https://openalex.org/W2108125751","https://openalex.org/W2159916367","https://openalex.org/W3119558187","https://openalex.org/W2187455180","https://openalex.org/W2733253895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Training":[0],"modern":[1],"large":[2,112],"neural":[3],"networks":[4],"(NNs)":[5],"requires":[6],"a":[7,29,68,80],"combination":[8],"of":[9,23,44,70],"parallelization":[10],"strategies,":[11,25,47],"including":[12],"data,":[13],"model,":[14],"or":[15,50],"optimizer":[16],"sharding.":[17],"To":[18],"address":[19],"the":[20,42,55,60,76,86,101],"growing":[21],"complexity":[22],"these":[24],"we":[26],"introduce":[27],"PartIR,":[28],"hardware-and-runtime":[30],"agnostic":[31],"NN":[32],"partitioning":[33],"system.":[34],"PartIR":[35,78,104],"is:":[36],"1)":[37],"Expressive:":[38],"It":[39,66],"allows":[40],"for":[41,110],"composition":[43],"multiple":[45],"sharding":[46],"whether":[48],"user-defined":[49],"automatically":[51],"derived;":[52],"2)":[53],"Decoupled:":[54],"strategies":[56],"are":[57],"separate":[58],"from":[59],"ML":[61,87],"implementation;":[62],"and":[63,97,114,123],"3)":[64],"Predictable:":[65],"follows":[67],"set":[69],"well-defined":[71],"general":[72],"rules":[73],"to":[74,99],"partition":[75],"NN.":[77],"utilizes":[79],"schedule-like":[81],"API":[82],"that":[83],"incrementally":[84],"rewrites":[85],"program":[88],"intermediate":[89],"representation":[90],"(IR)":[91],"after":[92],"each":[93],"strategy,":[94],"allowing":[95],"simulators":[96],"users":[98],"verify":[100],"strategy's":[102],"performance.":[103,124],"has":[105],"been":[106],"successfully":[107],"used":[108],"both":[109],"training":[111],"models":[113],"across":[115],"diverse":[116],"model":[117],"architectures,":[118],"demonstrating":[119],"its":[120],"predictability,":[121],"expressiveness,":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}