{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404034472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3666025.3699359","title":"Hawk: An Efficient NALM System for Accurate Low-Power Appliance Recognition","display_name":"Hawk: An Efficient NALM System for Accurate Low-Power Appliance Recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404034472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3666025.3699359"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3666025.3699359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3666025.3699359","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3666025.3699359","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3666025.3699359","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111262686","display_name":"Z. M. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9624-6044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9624-6044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002718714","display_name":"Xingzhou Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-1864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingzhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-1864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398610","display_name":"Yifan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-0343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3878-0343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101912953","display_name":"Xiaohui Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-6379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2706-6379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100628169","display_name":"Zhiwei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1480-7265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4396570619","display_name":"Great Bay University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hdgge16","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4396570619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China","Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1480-7265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4396570619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16274286,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"578","last_page":"591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5980932712554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4662410616874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3233655095100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07312870025634766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5980932712554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4662410616874695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3233655095100403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07312870025634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3666025.3699359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3666025.3699359","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3666025.3699359","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2410.16293","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2410.16293","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.16293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3666025.3699359","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3666025.3699359","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3666025.3699359","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8746720996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8908537595","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402475","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335561","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404034472.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1964729163","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W1999881210","https://openalex.org/W2023791612","https://openalex.org/W2079422867","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2127394451","https://openalex.org/W2161708246","https://openalex.org/W2289761462","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2295821770","https://openalex.org/W2307503080","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2571359664","https://openalex.org/W2788380368","https://openalex.org/W2795358293","https://openalex.org/W2807384132","https://openalex.org/W2903902573","https://openalex.org/W2942178783","https://openalex.org/W2944418320","https://openalex.org/W2984293231","https://openalex.org/W3024820293","https://openalex.org/W3083661162","https://openalex.org/W3093392647","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3102977103","https://openalex.org/W3107101618","https://openalex.org/W3107922427","https://openalex.org/W3158777740","https://openalex.org/W3173583667","https://openalex.org/W3184417063","https://openalex.org/W3198119453","https://openalex.org/W3200391125","https://openalex.org/W4214550505","https://openalex.org/W4220710677","https://openalex.org/W4281260116","https://openalex.org/W4292347999","https://openalex.org/W4307354274","https://openalex.org/W4310881745","https://openalex.org/W4317927969","https://openalex.org/W4380303660","https://openalex.org/W4382239995","https://openalex.org/W4387086936","https://openalex.org/W4395666225","https://openalex.org/W7006806681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-intrusive":[0],"Appliance":[1],"Load":[2],"Monitoring":[3],"(NALM)":[4],"aims":[5],"to":[6,22,124],"recognize":[7],"individual":[8],"appliance":[9,34,128,169],"usage":[10],"from":[11,108,175],"the":[12,57,90,109,121,132,172],"main":[13],"meter":[14],"without":[15],"indoor":[16],"sensors.":[17],"However,":[18],"existing":[19],"systems":[20],"struggle":[21],"balance":[23],"dataset":[24,51],"construction":[25,52,59],"efficiency":[26],"and":[27,42,53,66,75,101,136,152,161,171,197,202],"event/state":[28],"recognition":[29,92,107,151,194],"accuracy,":[30],"especially":[31],"for":[32,104,149,154],"low-power":[33],"recognition.":[35,55],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"introduces":[38],"Hawk,":[39],"an":[40,143],"efficient":[41],"accurate":[43,105],"NALM":[44],"system":[45],"that":[46,115],"operates":[47],"in":[48,179],"two":[49,180],"stages:":[50],"event":[54,91,106,155,193],"In":[56,134],"data":[58,78],"stage,":[60,93],"we":[61],"efficiently":[62],"collect":[63,125],"a":[64,81,137,159],"balanced":[65,72],"diverse":[67],"dataset,":[68,140],"HawkDATA,":[69],"based":[70],"on":[71],"Gray":[73],"code":[74,201],"enable":[76],"automatic":[77],"annotations":[79],"via":[80],"sampling":[82],"synchronization":[83],"strategy":[84],"called":[85],"shared":[86],"perceptible":[87],"time.":[88],"During":[89],"our":[94],"algorithm":[95],"pipeline":[96],"integrates":[97],"steady-state":[98],"differential":[99],"pre-processing":[100],"voting-based":[102],"post-processing":[103],"aggregate":[110],"current.":[111],"Experimental":[112],"results":[113],"show":[114],"HawkDATA":[116,135,176,203],"takes":[117],"only":[118],"1/71.5":[119],"of":[120,147,192],"collection":[122],"time":[123],"6.34x":[126],"more":[127],"state":[129,150],"combinations":[130],"than":[131],"baseline.":[133],"widely":[138],"used":[139],"Hawk":[141],"achieves":[142],"average":[144,189],"F1":[145,190],"score":[146],"93.94%":[148],"97.07%":[153],"recognition,":[156],"which":[157],"is":[158],"47.98%":[160],"11.57%":[162],"increase":[163],"over":[164],"SOTA":[165],"algorithms.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"selected":[168],"subsets":[170],"model":[173],"trained":[174],"are":[177,195,204],"deployed":[178],"real-world":[181],"scenarios":[182],"with":[183],"many":[184],"unknown":[185],"background":[186],"appliances.":[187],"The":[188],"scores":[191],"96.02%":[196],"94.76%.":[198],"Hawk's":[199],"source":[200],"accessible":[205],"at":[206],"https://github.com/WZiJ/SenSys24-Hawk.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
