{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396893445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664925","title":"CoolDC: A Cost-Effective Immersion-Cooled Datacenter with Workload-Aware Temperature Scaling","display_name":"CoolDC: A Cost-Effective Immersion-Cooled Datacenter with Workload-Aware Temperature Scaling","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396893445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664925","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664925","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009241741","display_name":"Dongmoon Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-0823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmoon Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-0823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045264788","display_name":"Ilkwon Byun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-7437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilkwon Byun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-7437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002671681","display_name":"Gyu-hyeon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-7117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyu-Hyeon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7178-7117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101743105","display_name":"Jangwoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-5748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jangwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2193-5748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88329492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7421876192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.713401198387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.6602078676223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5856663584709167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.35564374923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7421876192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.713401198387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6602078676223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5856663584709167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.35564374923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664925","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664925","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G170164368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1A5A1027055, NRF-2021R1A2C3014131, and NRF-2021M3F3A2A02037893","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321292","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396893445.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W324409780","https://openalex.org/W1555014838","https://openalex.org/W1585277718","https://openalex.org/W1989174502","https://openalex.org/W2032069904","https://openalex.org/W2068115084","https://openalex.org/W2069345435","https://openalex.org/W2075200209","https://openalex.org/W2099048383","https://openalex.org/W2100346277","https://openalex.org/W2110134128","https://openalex.org/W2111165502","https://openalex.org/W2120215203","https://openalex.org/W2121288607","https://openalex.org/W2134869654","https://openalex.org/W2150139096","https://openalex.org/W2156327440","https://openalex.org/W2164466478","https://openalex.org/W2504686219","https://openalex.org/W2527193322","https://openalex.org/W2559306271","https://openalex.org/W2597165497","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2755984005","https://openalex.org/W2762128195","https://openalex.org/W2764227578","https://openalex.org/W2913342441","https://openalex.org/W2926143647","https://openalex.org/W2931122162","https://openalex.org/W2951633375","https://openalex.org/W2964509724","https://openalex.org/W2990831191","https://openalex.org/W2997451313","https://openalex.org/W3004531541","https://openalex.org/W3008170113","https://openalex.org/W3098386408","https://openalex.org/W3119632461","https://openalex.org/W3151271224","https://openalex.org/W3155422253","https://openalex.org/W3157133500","https://openalex.org/W3158680111","https://openalex.org/W3167237942","https://openalex.org/W3208629838","https://openalex.org/W3217715319","https://openalex.org/W4214768819","https://openalex.org/W4226318463","https://openalex.org/W4232019702","https://openalex.org/W4236491543","https://openalex.org/W4244457258","https://openalex.org/W4245268430","https://openalex.org/W4250180141","https://openalex.org/W4251091605","https://openalex.org/W4253824360","https://openalex.org/W4288658754","https://openalex.org/W4298052798","https://openalex.org/W4385705309"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0,112],"datacenter":[1,29,146,168],"architects,":[2],"it":[3,57],"is":[4,30,41,58,97],"the":[5,11,18,24,34,44,52,91,102,118,123,142,155,194],"most":[6,35,68,103],"important":[7],"goal":[8],"to":[9,42,61,66,89,98,107,122,126,170,204],"minimize":[10,90],"datacenter\u2019s":[12,92],"total":[13],"cost":[14],"of":[15,27,38],"ownership":[16],"for":[17,145],"target":[19,108],"performance":[20,46],"(i.e.,":[21],"TCO/performance).":[22],"As":[23],"major":[25],"component":[26],"a":[28,31,81,128],"server":[32],"farm,":[33],"effective":[36],"way":[37],"reducing":[39],"TCO/performance":[40,192],"improve":[43],"server\u2019s":[45,64],"and":[47,83,100,110,136,157,189,197],"power":[48],"efficiency.":[49],"To":[50],"achieve":[51],"goal,":[53],"we":[54,77,115,140,163],"claim":[55],"that":[56,113],"highly":[59],"promising":[60],"reduce":[62],"each":[63],"temperature":[65,72,106,131,144,184],"its":[67,175],"cost-effective":[69,104],"point":[70],"(or":[71],"scaling).":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"propose":[78,164],"CoolDC":[79,186],",":[80],"novel":[82],"immediately":[84],"applicable":[85],"low-temperature":[86,182],"cooling":[87,120,135],"method":[88,121],"TCO.":[93],"The":[94],"key":[95],"idea":[96],"find":[99],"apply":[101,117],"sub-freezing":[105],"servers":[109,125],"workloads.":[111],"purpose,":[114],"first":[116],"immersion":[119],"entire":[124],"maintain":[127],"stable":[129],"low":[130,160],"with":[132],"little":[133],"extra":[134],"maintenance":[137],"costs.":[138],"Second,":[139],"define":[141],"TCO-optimal":[143,177],"operation":[147],"(e.g.,":[148],"248K~273K":[149],"(-25\u2103~0\u2103))":[150],"by":[151],"carefully":[152],"estimating":[153],"all":[154],"costs":[156],"benefits":[158],"at":[159,174],"temperatures.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"CoolDC,":[165],"our":[166,181],"immersion-cooling":[167],"architecture":[169],"run":[171],"every":[172],"workload":[173],"own":[176],"temperature.":[178],"By":[179],"incorporating":[180],"workload-aware":[183],"scaling,":[185],"achieves":[187],"12.7%":[188],"13.4%":[190],"lower":[191],"than":[193],"conventional":[195],"air-cooled":[196],"immersion-cooled":[198],"datacenters,":[199],"respectively,":[200],"without":[201],"any":[202],"modification":[203],"existing":[205],"computers.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}