{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396956843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664818","title":"LVMT: An Efficient Authenticated Storage for Blockchain","display_name":"LVMT: An Efficient Authenticated Storage for Blockchain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396956843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664818"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664818","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158124317","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","issn_l":"1553-3077","issn":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664818","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087397583","display_name":"C. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3519-5775"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3519-5775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084186424","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Beillahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-9295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidi Mohamed Beillahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-9295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005332230","display_name":"Guang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-3551"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-3551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103080159","display_name":"Ming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6663-4861"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6663-4861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095746713","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9271-0223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9271-0223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080879279","display_name":"Fan Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-1188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-1188","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Shanghai TreeGraph Blockchain Research Institute, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087397583"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92124652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8493372201919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7089521884918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5937185287475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.583283543586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.500194787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.41611528396606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.41352665424346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.38353264331817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3227575421333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.314306378364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2171688675880432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1752663552761078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-chain","display_name":"Hash chain","score":0.08861851692199707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8493372201919556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7089521884918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5937185287475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.583283543586731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.500194787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.41611528396606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.41352665424346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.38353264331817627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3227575421333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.314306378364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2171688675880432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1752663552761078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135783594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5678864","display_name":"Hash chain","level":3,"score":0.08861851692199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664818","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158124317","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","issn_l":"1553-3077","issn":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664818","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3664818","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S158124317","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","issn_l":"1553-3077","issn":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Storage","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7422017672","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2268202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396956843.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7678451","https://openalex.org/W1909324101","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2295318496","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2620904645","https://openalex.org/W2751343396","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2884599530","https://openalex.org/W2887050046","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2913264117","https://openalex.org/W2913435035","https://openalex.org/W2946936847","https://openalex.org/W2967946631","https://openalex.org/W2986418087","https://openalex.org/W2990403016","https://openalex.org/W3015450389","https://openalex.org/W3015641482","https://openalex.org/W3031891667","https://openalex.org/W3033309818","https://openalex.org/W3097773116","https://openalex.org/W3106674001","https://openalex.org/W3216073679","https://openalex.org/W4283720056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135248929","https://openalex.org/W2092690310","https://openalex.org/W1493624592","https://openalex.org/W3190662310","https://openalex.org/W1507878993","https://openalex.org/W2798440551","https://openalex.org/W2888459714","https://openalex.org/W4387259453","https://openalex.org/W2144564205","https://openalex.org/W4252190074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Authenticated":[0],"storage":[1,32,49],"access":[2,12],"is":[3],"the":[4,26,57,102],"performance":[5],"bottleneck":[6],"of":[7,87],"a":[8,39,45,74],"blockchain,":[9],"because":[10],"each":[11],"can":[13],"be":[14],"amplified":[15],"to":[16,65,77,90,124],"potentially":[17],"O":[18],"(log":[19],"n":[20],")":[21],"disk":[22],"I/O":[23,53],"operations":[24,112],"in":[25,69,104],"standard":[27],"Merkle":[28],"Patricia":[29],"Trie":[30,43],"(MPT)":[31],"structure.":[33],"In":[34,97],"this":[35],"article,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38],"multi-Layer":[40],"Versioned":[41],"Multipoint":[42],"(LVMT),":[44],"novel":[46],"high-performance":[47],"blockchain":[48,118],"with":[50],"significantly":[51],"reduced":[52],"amplifications.":[54],"LVMT":[55,72,100],"uses":[56],"authenticated":[58],"multipoint":[59],"evaluation":[60],"tree":[61],"vector":[62],"commitment":[63,67],"protocol":[64],"update":[66],"proofs":[68],"constant":[70],"time.":[71],"adopts":[73],"multi-layer":[75],"design":[76],"support":[78],"unlimited":[79],"key\u2013value":[80],"pairs":[81],"and":[82,110],"stores":[83],"version":[84],"numbers":[85],"instead":[86],"value":[88],"hashes":[89],"avoid":[91],"costly":[92],"elliptic":[93],"curve":[94],"multiplication":[95],"operations.":[96],"our":[98],"experiment,":[99],"outperforms":[101],"MPT":[103],"real":[105],"Ethereum":[106],"traces,":[107],"delivering":[108],"read":[109],"write":[111],"6\u00d7":[113],"faster.":[114],"It":[115],"also":[116],"boosts":[117],"system":[119],"execution":[120],"throughput":[121],"by":[122],"up":[123],"2.7\u00d7.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
