{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403791612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3680952","title":"AL-GTD: Deep Active Learning for Gaze Target Detection","display_name":"AL-GTD: Deep Active Learning for Gaze Target Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403791612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3680952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664647.3680952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3680952","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3680952","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101868306","display_name":"Francesco Tonini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1938-3449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Tonini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento & Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1938-3449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento & Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587","https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056524946","display_name":"Nicola Dall\u2019Asen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6781-5770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Dall'Asen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento & University of Pisa, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6781-5770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento & University of Pisa, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039878198","display_name":"Lorenzo Vaquero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1874-3078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Vaquero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1874-3078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057859690","display_name":"Cigdem Beyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-0087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cigdem Beyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-0087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065059558","display_name":"Elisa Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-1147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento & Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-1147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento & Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587","https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2360","last_page":"2369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7277472615242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7144477367401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6477522850036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5617351531982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4963567852973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35548579692840576}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7277472615242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7144477367401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6477522850036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5617351531982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4963567852973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35548579692840576}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664647.3680952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3680952","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2409.18561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2409.18561","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.18561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1341606","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1341606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3664647.3680952","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3680952","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042718506","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2291691329","https://openalex.org/W2515702775","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2617211984","https://openalex.org/W2776312359","https://openalex.org/W2788865504","https://openalex.org/W2798820905","https://openalex.org/W2810323393","https://openalex.org/W2895344848","https://openalex.org/W2908140063","https://openalex.org/W2947543340","https://openalex.org/W2955639361","https://openalex.org/W2956371155","https://openalex.org/W2983697263","https://openalex.org/W2986102820","https://openalex.org/W2986514296","https://openalex.org/W3007986608","https://openalex.org/W3035735638","https://openalex.org/W3081167590","https://openalex.org/W3122463216","https://openalex.org/W3123364653","https://openalex.org/W3167468752","https://openalex.org/W3174359952","https://openalex.org/W3174894125","https://openalex.org/W3179550234","https://openalex.org/W3204589851","https://openalex.org/W3217804345","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4220793198","https://openalex.org/W4230649179","https://openalex.org/W4280584658","https://openalex.org/W4293253477","https://openalex.org/W4310895557","https://openalex.org/W4312407813","https://openalex.org/W4312507102","https://openalex.org/W4312510569","https://openalex.org/W4312567381","https://openalex.org/W4312982586","https://openalex.org/W4319300857","https://openalex.org/W4366425751","https://openalex.org/W4386075646","https://openalex.org/W4386075926","https://openalex.org/W4386076514","https://openalex.org/W4390872917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385108104","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gaze":[0],"target":[1,64,126,192],"detection":[2],"aims":[3],"at":[4],"determining":[5],"the":[6,53,56,101,106,117,129,135,147,151,162,178],"image":[7],"location":[8],"where":[9],"a":[10,82,168,199],"person":[11],"is":[12,50,158,203],"looking.":[13],"While":[14],"existing":[15],"studies":[16],"have":[17,31],"made":[18],"significant":[19],"progress":[20],"in":[21,120],"this":[22,46],"area":[23],"by":[24,112,172],"regressing":[25],"accurate":[26],"gaze":[27,63,125,191],"heatmaps,":[28],"these":[29],"achievements":[30],"largely":[32],"relied":[33],"on":[34,55],"access":[35],"to":[36,51,87,96,122,133,160,189],"extensive":[37],"labeled":[38,59],"datasets,":[39],"which":[40,157],"demands":[41],"substantial":[42],"human":[43],"labor.":[44],"In":[45],"paper,":[47],"our":[48,154],"goal":[49],"reduce":[52],"reliance":[54],"size":[57],"of":[58,108,116,146,153],"training":[60,102,118,131,148],"data":[61],"for":[62,177],"detection.":[65],"To":[66],"achieve":[67,134],"this,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"AL-GTD,":[71],"an":[72],"innovative":[73],"approach":[74],"that":[75],"integrates":[76],"supervised":[77],"and":[78],"self-supervised":[79],"losses":[80],"within":[81,198],"novel":[83],"sample":[84],"acquisition":[85,155],"function":[86],"perform":[88],"active":[89],"learning":[90],"(AL).":[91],"Additionally,":[92],"it":[93],"utilizes":[94],"pseudo-labeling":[95],"mitigate":[97],"distribution":[98],"shifts":[99],"during":[100],"phase.":[103],"AL-GTD":[104,139,180],"achieves":[105],"best":[107],"all":[109,195],"AUC":[110],"results":[111],"utilizing":[113],"only":[114],"40-50%":[115],"data,":[119,149],"contrast":[121],"state-of-the-art":[123],"(SOTA)":[124],"detectors":[127,193],"requiring":[128],"entire":[130],"dataset":[132],"same":[136],"performance.":[137],"Importantly,":[138],"quickly":[140],"reaches":[141],"satisfactory":[142],"performance":[143,187],"with":[144],"10-20%":[145],"showing":[150],"effectiveness":[152],"function,":[156],"able":[159],"acquire":[161],"most":[163],"informative":[164],"samples.":[165],"We":[166],"provide":[167],"comprehensive":[169],"experimental":[170],"analysis":[171],"adapting":[173],"several":[174],"AL":[175,182],"methods":[176],"task.":[179],"outperforms":[181],"competitors,":[183],"simultaneously":[184],"exhibiting":[185],"superior":[186],"compared":[188],"SOTA":[190],"when":[194],"are":[196],"trained":[197],"low-data":[200],"regime.":[201],"Code":[202],"available":[204],"at:":[205],"https://github.com/francescotonini/al-gtd.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}