{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403576809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675634","title":"Uncovering the New Accessibility Crisis in Scholarly PDFs: Publishing Model and Platform Changes Contribute to Declining Scholarly Document Accessibility in the Last Decade","display_name":"Uncovering the New Accessibility Crisis in Scholarly PDFs: Publishing Model and Platform Changes Contribute to Declining Scholarly Document Accessibility in the Last Decade","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403576809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3663548.3675634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675634","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675634","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040202467","display_name":"Anukriti Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anukriti Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information School, University of Washington, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information School, University of Washington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001778694","display_name":"Lucy Lu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-6635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucy Lu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information School, University of Washington, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information School, University of Washington, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040202467"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.4633,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99613009,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publishing","display_name":"Publishing","score":0.7625917792320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scholarly-communication","display_name":"Scholarly communication","score":0.5612338185310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5231752991676331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4617116451263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3830806314945221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.27636659145355225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151719136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3972943","display_name":"Publishing","level":2,"score":0.7625917792320251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7432048","display_name":"Scholarly communication","level":3,"score":0.5612338185310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5231752991676331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4617116451263428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3830806314945221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27636659145355225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3663548.3675634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675634","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3663548.3675634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3663548.3675634","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54404511","https://openalex.org/W157469665","https://openalex.org/W633457721","https://openalex.org/W1968781528","https://openalex.org/W1978722038","https://openalex.org/W2041282815","https://openalex.org/W2079896433","https://openalex.org/W2122086994","https://openalex.org/W2137264622","https://openalex.org/W2180654497","https://openalex.org/W2594338580","https://openalex.org/W2888264706","https://openalex.org/W2915335925","https://openalex.org/W2952682362","https://openalex.org/W3004643255","https://openalex.org/W3094925546","https://openalex.org/W3193568238","https://openalex.org/W3202687543","https://openalex.org/W4214846217","https://openalex.org/W4224985432","https://openalex.org/W4225083500","https://openalex.org/W4226149412","https://openalex.org/W4283805395","https://openalex.org/W4298051348","https://openalex.org/W4307078084","https://openalex.org/W4317924360","https://openalex.org/W4320858911","https://openalex.org/W4364361713","https://openalex.org/W4386525171","https://openalex.org/W4393970562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2294677930","https://openalex.org/W2801905285","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3110682850","https://openalex.org/W2936516371","https://openalex.org/W1969623187","https://openalex.org/W148005640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"scholarly":[1,37,214],"works":[2],"are":[3,168],"distributed":[4],"online":[5],"in":[6,146,213,240],"PDF":[7,147,194],"format,":[8],"which":[9],"can":[10],"present":[11],"significant":[12],"accessibility":[13,51,94,106,148,162,195,216],"challenges":[14],"for":[15,81,220],"blind":[16],"and":[17,35,70,77,108,167,193,200,217,237],"low-vision":[18],"readers.":[19,113],"To":[20,85],"characterize":[21],"the":[22,50,78,218,226,229],"scope":[23],"of":[24,32,46,53,98,121,185,191,231],"this":[25,177],"issue,":[26],"we":[27,88,141,179],"perform":[28],"a":[29,128,143,170,210,221],"large-scale":[30],"analysis":[31],"20K":[33],"open-":[34],"closed-access":[36],"PDFs":[38,83,123],"published":[39],"between":[40,183],"2014\u20132023":[41],"sampled":[42],"across":[43],"broad":[44],"fields":[45,184],"study.":[47],"We":[48],"assess":[49],"compliance":[52],"these":[54],"documents":[55],"based":[56,73],"on":[57,74,169],"six":[58],"criteria:":[59],"Default":[60],"Language,":[61],"Appropriate":[62],"Nesting,":[63],"Tagged":[64],"PDF,":[65],"Table":[66],"Headers,":[67],"Tab":[68],"Order,":[69],"Alt-Text;":[71],"selected":[72],"prior":[75],"work":[76],"SIGACCESS":[79],"Guide":[80],"Accessible":[82],"[34].":[84],"ensure":[86],"robustness,":[87],"corroborate":[89],"our":[90],"findings":[91,115],"through":[92],"automated":[93],"checking,":[95],"manual":[96,109],"evaluation":[97],"alt":[99],"text,":[100],"comparative":[101],"assessments":[102,110],"with":[103,111],"an":[104],"alternate":[105],"checker,":[107],"screen":[112],"Our":[114],"reveal":[116],"that":[117,157,198],"less":[118],"than":[119],"3.2%":[120],"tested":[122],"satisfy":[124],"all":[125],"criteria,":[126],"while":[127],"large":[129],"majority":[130],"(74.9%)":[131],"fail":[132],"to":[133,159,176,224],"meet":[134],"any":[135],"criteria":[136],"at":[137],"all.":[138],"Worse":[139],"yet,":[140],"observe":[142],"concerning":[144],"drop":[145],"since":[149],"2019,":[150],"largely":[151],"among":[152],"open":[153],"access":[154],"papers,":[155],"suggesting":[156,197],"efforts":[158],"improve":[160],"document":[161,205,215],"have":[163],"not":[164],"taken":[165],"hold":[166],"backslide.":[171],"While":[172],"investigating":[173],"factors":[174],"contributing":[175],"drop,":[178],"identify":[180],"key":[181],"associations":[182],"study,":[186],"creation":[187],"platforms":[188],"used,":[189],"models":[190],"publishing,":[192],"compliance,":[196],"publisher":[199],"author":[201,235],"choices":[202],"significantly":[203],"influence":[204],"accessibility.":[206],"This":[207],"paper":[208],"highlights":[209],"new":[211],"crisis":[212],"need":[219],"multi-faceted":[222],"approach":[223],"address":[225],"problem,":[227],"involving":[228],"development":[230],"better":[232],"tools,":[233],"enhanced":[234],"education,":[236],"systemic":[238],"changes":[239],"academic":[241],"publishing":[242],"practices.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}