{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399667811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3661167.3661221","title":"A Performance Study of LLM-Generated Code on Leetcode","display_name":"A Performance Study of LLM-Generated Code on Leetcode","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399667811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3661167.3661221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3661167.3661221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3661167.3661221","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.21579","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099127698","display_name":"Tristan Coignion","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126879","display_name":"Laboratoires Spiral (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c7hqm03","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126879"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tristan Coignion","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIStAL, Universit\u00e9 de Lille - Inria, France","SPIRALS - Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIStAL, Universit\u00e9 de Lille - Inria, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPIRALS - Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012148559","display_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Quinton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126879","display_name":"Laboratoires Spiral (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c7hqm03","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126879"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cl\u00e9ment Quinton","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIStAL, Universit\u00e9 de Lille - Inria, France","SPIRALS - Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIStAL, Universit\u00e9 de Lille - Inria, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPIRALS - Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082468751","display_name":"Romain Rouvoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1771-8791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126879","display_name":"Laboratoires Spiral (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c7hqm03","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126879"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Romain Rouvoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIStAL, Universit\u00e9 de Lille - Inria, France","SPIRALS - Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIStAL, Universit\u00e9 de Lille - Inria, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPIRALS - Self-adaptation for distributed services and large software systems (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099127698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4210126879"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.3867,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9953528,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"79","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7769321203231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.7193499207496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6804677248001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5328702330589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4980740547180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4236203134059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19014620780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.10344716906547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.07317298650741577}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7769321203231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.7193499207496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6804677248001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5328702330589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4980740547180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4236203134059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19014620780944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.10344716906547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.07317298650741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3661167.3661221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3661167.3661221","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.21579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21579","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.21579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04525620v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04525620","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04525620v1/file/Tristan___LLM_Code_Performance_Study.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://conf.researchr.org/home/ease-2024","raw_type":"Conference papers"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lilloa.univ-lille.fr:20.500.12210/112224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402203","display_name":"LillOA (Universit\u00e9 de Lille (University Of Lille))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210123514","host_organization_name":"Centre d'Etudes en Civilisations, Langues et Litt\u00e9ratures Etrang\u00e8res","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.21579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21579","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.21579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2690212665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-19-CE25-0003-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4973929103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funding","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","funder_display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6612625481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"France 2030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6689554502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-19-CE25-0003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7153221751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-23-PECL-0003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7578130078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-21-CE25-0022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7758152977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"support","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","funder_display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318455765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ANR-19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G975799825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"France 2030 prog","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322892","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399667811.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399667811.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496637959","https://openalex.org/W2593607031","https://openalex.org/W2774988049","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4281763794","https://openalex.org/W4288057765","https://openalex.org/W4308627320","https://openalex.org/W4308642031","https://openalex.org/W4312091278","https://openalex.org/W4312295202","https://openalex.org/W4312438588","https://openalex.org/W4313913687","https://openalex.org/W4321018228","https://openalex.org/W4362659486","https://openalex.org/W4376167329","https://openalex.org/W4382704594","https://openalex.org/W4384026634","https://openalex.org/W4386185625","https://openalex.org/W4388858772","https://openalex.org/W4389518805","https://openalex.org/W6734314025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W2000169967","https://openalex.org/W2112883198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,44],"study":[1],"evaluates":[2],"the":[3,54,69,89,98,106,114,136,142],"efficiency":[4],"of":[5,56,68,79,100,128],"code":[6,42,63,81,90,132],"generation":[7,133],"by":[8,92,109],"Large":[9],"Language":[10],"Models":[11],"(LLMs)":[12],"and":[13,35,38,52,113,134],"measures":[14],"their":[15,39],"performance":[16],"against":[17],"human-crafted":[18],"solutions":[19],"using":[20],"a":[21,47,103,125],"dataset":[22],"from":[23],"Leetcode.":[24],"We":[25,72,118],"compare":[26],"18":[27],"LLMs,":[28],"considering":[29],"factors":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32,102],"model":[33],"temperature":[34],"success":[36],"rate,":[37],"impact":[40],"on":[41,84],"performance.":[43],"research":[45],"introduces":[46],"novel":[48],"method":[49],"for":[50,138],"measuring":[51],"comparing":[53],"speed":[55],"LLM-generated":[57],"code,":[58],"revealing":[59],"that":[60,75,82,120],"LLMs":[61,76],"produce":[62],"with":[64],"comparable":[65],"performance,":[66],"irrespective":[67],"adopted":[70],"LLM.":[71],"also":[73],"find":[74],"are":[77],"capable":[78],"generating":[80],"is,":[83],"average,":[85],"more":[86],"efficient":[87],"than":[88],"written":[91],"humans.":[93],"The":[94],"paper":[95],"further":[96],"discusses":[97],"use":[99],"Leetcode":[101],"benchmarking":[104],"dataset,":[105],"limitations":[107],"imposed":[108],"potential":[110],"data":[111],"contamination,":[112],"platform\u2019s":[115],"measurement":[116],"reliability.":[117],"believe":[119],"our":[121],"findings":[122],"contribute":[123],"to":[124],"better":[126],"understanding":[127],"LLM":[129],"capabilities":[130],"in":[131,141],"set":[135],"stage":[137],"future":[139],"optimizations":[140],"field.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-12T07:58:50.170612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}