{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400582609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660778","title":"Exploring and Unleashing the Power of Large Language Models in Automated Code Translation","display_name":"Exploring and Unleashing the Power of Large Language Models in Automated Code Translation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400582609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3660778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021693730","display_name":"Zhen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0670-4538","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0670-4538","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-6261"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0670-4538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060027879","display_name":"Fang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3905-8133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3905-8133","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6517-3959"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3905-8133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010943851","display_name":"Zhongxing Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-8476","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-8476"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongxing Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3718-8476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051403641","display_name":"Jacky Keung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-9600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-9600"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacky Wai Keung","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-9600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405693","display_name":"Jia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-8852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-8852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-8852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030830752","display_name":"Shuo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8877-3678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8877-3678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8877-3678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007268696","display_name":"Yifan Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9832-8879","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9832-8879"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9832-8879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085738488","display_name":"Xiaoxue Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5476-6074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5476-6074"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxue Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5476-6074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049100391","display_name":"Zhi Gang Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1087-226X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447682","display_name":"Ge Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-0186","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-0186","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9988-005X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ge Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.7914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99901569,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"FSE","first_page":"1585","last_page":"1608"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transpiler","display_name":"transpiler","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case-generation","display_name":"test case generation","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-repair","display_name":"program repair","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-to-source-translation","display_name":"source-to-source translation","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7705729007720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.710553765296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.5498172044754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5156946778297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5152440667152405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5113646388053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5031623244285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.4974117577075958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4681091010570526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.42928779125213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3857268989086151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09306737780570984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08853662014007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3660778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3660778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"x_sdgs":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3625239357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102233, 62302021, 62192731, 62192730, 62072007, 62192733, 61832009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7676573191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7005217,9220097,9220103,9229029,9229098,9678149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599808047","https://openalex.org/W1857789879","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1972141422","https://openalex.org/W2010139676","https://openalex.org/W2074032109","https://openalex.org/W2107709519","https://openalex.org/W2133437259","https://openalex.org/W2169974813","https://openalex.org/W2242083635","https://openalex.org/W2247864914","https://openalex.org/W2406310821","https://openalex.org/W2465133314","https://openalex.org/W2605202003","https://openalex.org/W2890194927","https://openalex.org/W2914161001","https://openalex.org/W2923271003","https://openalex.org/W2938704169","https://openalex.org/W2963935794","https://openalex.org/W2979679630","https://openalex.org/W3000617142","https://openalex.org/W3081159607","https://openalex.org/W3098044990","https://openalex.org/W3100925971","https://openalex.org/W3175000455","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3193682477","https://openalex.org/W3201849546","https://openalex.org/W4226485558","https://openalex.org/W4231241365","https://openalex.org/W4281384435","https://openalex.org/W4284690374","https://openalex.org/W4285024991","https://openalex.org/W4286750487","https://openalex.org/W4286904762","https://openalex.org/W4287668913","https://openalex.org/W4308643319","https://openalex.org/W4313547549","https://openalex.org/W4318902699","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4362508616","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4376122390","https://openalex.org/W4376312043","https://openalex.org/W4384302749","https://openalex.org/W4384302891","https://openalex.org/W4384304865","https://openalex.org/W4384345649","https://openalex.org/W4384345708","https://openalex.org/W4384345745","https://openalex.org/W4388598889","https://openalex.org/W4391558635","https://openalex.org/W4393305539","https://openalex.org/W4393730225","https://openalex.org/W4395443453","https://openalex.org/W4399557965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661231","https://openalex.org/W4254960163","https://openalex.org/W3110264473","https://openalex.org/W2370831213","https://openalex.org/W4315704968","https://openalex.org/W4285478380","https://openalex.org/W2100255360","https://openalex.org/W2140061545","https://openalex.org/W2032810564","https://openalex.org/W2107506952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"translation":[1,23,111,151,218,248,287],"tools,":[2],"namely":[3],"transpilers,":[4,121],"are":[5,51,133,242,265],"developed":[6],"for":[7,43,108,181,197],"automatic":[8],"source-to-source":[9],"translation.":[10],"Latest":[11],"learning-based":[12,106],"transpilers":[13,107],"have":[14,66,94,118,124],"shown":[15,67],"impressive":[16],"enhancement":[17],"against":[18],"rule-based":[19],"counterparts":[20],"in":[21,70,150,185,275,295],"both":[22],"accuracy":[24,126,279,283],"and":[25,46,105,153,158,219,253,263,270,280],"readability,":[26],"owing":[27],"to":[28,76,178,214],"their":[29,37,77,183,222],"task-specific":[30,82],"pre-training":[31],"on":[32,60,147,244],"extensive":[33],"monolingual":[34],"corpora.":[35],"Nevertheless,":[36],"current":[38,120],"performance":[39,69],"still":[40,123],"remains":[41],"unsatisfactory":[42],"practical":[44],"deployment,":[45],"the":[47,89,131,164,201,209,216,290],"associated":[48],"training":[49],"resources":[50],"also":[52],"prohibitively":[53],"expensive.":[54],"Large":[55],"Language":[56],"Models":[57],"(LLMs),":[58],"pre-trained":[59],"huge":[61],"amounts":[62],"of":[63,130,138,140,194,203,247,258,277,293],"human-written":[64],"code/text,":[65],"remarkable":[68],"many":[71],"code":[72,110,174,217],"intelligence":[73],"tasks":[74],"due":[75],"powerful":[78],"generality,":[79],"even":[80],"without":[81],"re-training/fine-tuning.":[83],"Thus,":[84],"LLMs":[85,104,117,257],"can":[86],"potentially":[87],"circumvent":[88],"above":[90,165,210],"limitations,":[91],"but":[92],"they":[93,122],"not":[95],"been":[96],"exhaustively":[97],"explored":[98],"yet.":[99],"This":[100],"paper":[101],"investigates":[102],"diverse":[103,259],"automated":[109],"tasks,":[112],"finding":[113],"that:":[114],"although":[115],"certain":[116],"outperformed":[119],"some":[125],"issues,":[127],"where":[128],"most":[129],"failures":[132],"induced":[134],"by":[135,163,235],"a":[136,172,192],"lack":[137],"comprehension":[139],"source":[141,157,204],"programs":[142,160,199,233],"(38.51%),":[143],"missing":[144],"clear":[145],"instructions":[146],"I/O":[148],"types":[149],"(14.94%),":[152],"ignoring":[154],"discrepancies":[155],"between":[156,250],"target":[159,198],"(41.38%).":[161],"Enlightened":[162],"findings,":[166],"we":[167],"further":[168,228],"propose":[169],"UniTrans":[170,189,227,268,294],",":[171,269],"Unified":[173],"Translation":[175],"framework,":[176],"applicable":[177],"various":[179],"LLMs,":[180],"unleashing":[182],"power":[184],"this":[186],"field.":[187],"Specifically,":[188],"first":[190],"crafts":[191],"series":[193],"test":[195,212,236],"cases":[196,213],"with":[200,267],"assistance":[202],"programs.":[205],"Next,":[206],"it":[207],"harnesses":[208],"auto-generated":[211],"augment":[215],"then":[220],"evaluate":[221],"correctness":[223],"via":[224],"execution.":[225],"Afterward,":[226],"(iteratively)":[229],"repairs":[230],"incorrectly":[231],"translated":[232],"prompted":[234],"case":[237],"execution":[238],"results.":[239],"Extensive":[240],"experiments":[241],"conducted":[243],"six":[245],"settings":[246],"datasets":[249],"Python,":[251],"Java,":[252],"C++.":[254],"Three":[255],"recent":[256],"sizes,":[260],"including":[261],"GPT-3.5":[262],"LLaMA-13B/7B,":[264],"tested":[266],"all":[271,286],"achieve":[272],"substantial":[273],"improvements":[274],"terms":[276],"computational":[278],"exact":[281],"match":[282],"among":[284],"almost":[285],"settings,":[288],"showing":[289],"universal":[291],"effectiveness":[292],"practice.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
